Evidence and data standards
Financial readers need to know what kind of claim they are reading before they rely on it. This page sets out the evidence and data standards of The Global Risks Alliance (GRA): licensed sources, one evidence label per claim, documented methods, privacy and the limits of certainty. They apply to every research output, brief and readiness dossier GRA publishes. This page belongs to trust and integrity.
The short answer.
Evidence and data standards at GRA require that every claim carries its kind: one evidence label per finding, from observed to scenario or expert judgement, licensed sources, documented methods, privacy and stated limits of certainty. They apply to every research output, brief and readiness dossier, and anyone can challenge a label, source or method.
Report to outcome.
Fig.How a reported error is reviewed and corrected. Design, not a record.
Digital demand and connectivity in China.
Urban demand centres and the hubs that anchor digital and data infrastructure, shown for China as an example geography for this subject.
Every claim carries its kind.
Each finding is labelled observed, officially reported, institution-reported, estimated, modelled, forecast, scenario, expert judgement or unknown. A scenario is never presented as a forecast of loss, and an institution's statement about itself is never presented as independently verified.
The label "officially reported" names a source type. It is not a claim of endorsement by that source.
Five commitments for every output.
Licensed and permitted
Data is used under its licence and source permission. Permission to publish a finding does not grant the right to redistribute raw data. See financial data and rights.
Documented
Methods, assumptions and sensitivities are documented so a competent reader can examine them. See models and professional methods.
No invented values
Missing data is shown as missing, never as zero. Illustrations carry placeholder values and say so.
Personal data minimised
This site has its own privacy notice and controller. Personal and confidential data is handled within the rights granted.
How limits are stated.
- 01
Ranges, not points
Estimates are reported with ranges or sensitivities wherever the method allows.
- 02
Limits beside findings
The limit of a finding sits next to it, not in a footnote at the end.
- 03
What was not tested
Scenarios state which shocks, interactions and data were left out.
- 04
Indicators
Nexus indicators use GRIx-native names and units, without invented values. Third-party risk index names are not republished as GRA findings.
Terms used on this page.
Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evidence label | A tag naming the kind of evidence, such as observed or modelled, that should survive every summary. |
| Licence | An authorisation from a sanctions authority permitting an otherwise prohibited activity. |
| Data provenance | A record of where data came from and how it was changed on its way to an analysis. |
| False precision | Presenting an uncertain estimate with more precision than the evidence supports. |
Standards are checked and can be challenged.
Outputs are reviewed by someone not responsible for drafting them before release. Anyone can challenge a label, source or method at integrity@globalriskalliance.com. The underlying science follows the integrity practice of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), set out on research integrity. Related pages: claims and programme status and research and intelligence.
Questions and answers.
Why does GRA not give a single best estimate?
Can I see the data behind a finding?
Do these standards apply to readiness dossiers?
How are illustrations marked?
Around GRA.
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