Keuangan spasialTempat modal bertemu bahaya, keterpaparan, dan transisi
Market infrastructure technology
Payment and financial market technology covers the trading platforms, central counterparties, depositories and paymentSistemthrough which capital markets operate. Analysis focuses on settlement risk, liquidity needs, operational resilience and the dependencies that let a technical failure become a market event.
What payment and financial market technology does here.
Payment and financial market technology covers theSistemthat clear and settle transactions and support trading. Their continuity is essential for economic activity and crisis response. In capital markets and investment and financial stability, payments analysis shows how operational outages or cyber events cancuaca bekuliquidity across the economy. It informs resilience standards and contingency arrangements. The canonical description is onSTEM Commons.
Settlement cycle analysis
Changes to settlement cycles are analysed for their effects on counterparty exposure, margin, funding needs and the time available to match, allocate and correct trades.
Liquidity simulation for infrastructures
Payment and settlement flows are simulated under participant defaults or outages to estimate liquidity needs and the queues that would form.
Operational resilience review
Waktu pemulihanobjectives, failover arrangements and third-party dependencies of infrastructures are reviewed against scenarios of cyber incidents and provider failures.
03Uji tekanan
Bagaimana guncangan pada aset menjadi kerugian sistem.
Ekuitas yang hilang dari sistem setelah penularan antarbank, dibandingkan dengan pukulan awal, seiring berubahnya leverage, keterhubungan, dan tingkat pemulihan, yang merupakan inti dari Uji tekananmakroprudensial. Model pengajaran dengan nilai ilustratif yang dinyatakan, bukan prediksi.
Kendali
Penurunan aset eksternal
2.0%
Leverage (aset terhadap ekuitas)
10 kali
Porsi aset antarbank
10%
Pemulihan atas tagihan antarbank
40%
Bank dalam sistem
20
Bank inti
20% bank
Pembacaan
Ekuitas yang hilang akibat guncangan awal
18.0%
Ekuitas yang hilang setelah penularan
45.0%
Ditambahkan oleh penularan (DebtRank)
27.0 poin
Bank yang gagal bayar
0
Angka, metode, dan sumber
Putaran
Ekuitas sistem yang hilang (%)
Bank yang gagal bayar
0
18.00
0
1
28.80
0
2
35.28
0
3
39.17
0
4
41.50
0
5
42.90
0
6
43.74
0
7
44.24
0
8
44.55
0
9
44.73
0
10
44.84
0
11
44.90
0
12
44.94
0
13
44.96
0
14
44.98
0
15
44.99
0
16
44.99
0
17
45.00
0
18
45.00
0
19
45.00
0
20
45.00
0
21
45.00
0
22
45.00
0
23
45.00
0
24
45.00
0
25
45.00
0
26
45.00
0
27
45.00
0
28
45.00
0
29
45.00
0
30
45.00
0
Metode
DebtRankBattiston and others (2012), Scientific Reports 2:541
DebtRank Diferensial Bardoscia and others (2015), PLOS ONE 10
Penularan dalam jaringan keuangan Gai and Kapadia (2010), Proc. R. Soc. A 466
Kliring dalam jaringan keuangan Eisenberg and Noe (2001), Management Science 47
Kipas ketidakpastian (Monte Carlo parametrik) Spiegelhalter, Pearson dan Short (2011), Memvisualisasikan ketidakpastian tentang masa depan, Science 333
Sensitivitas satu per satu (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
Data
No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.
Bagaimana guncangan pada aset menjadi kerugian sistem. Model pengajaran ilustratif: model ini berjalan pada nilai yang ditetapkan oleh kontrol, bukan pada data terukur. Metode: DebtRank (Battiston dkk. (2012), Scientific Reports 2:541); Differential DebtRank (Bardoscia dkk. (2015), PLOS ONE 10); penularan dalam jaringan keuangan (Gai dan Kapadia (2010), Proc. R. Soc. A 466).
Di seluruh enam pilar, dipimpin oleh Nexus Consortium
Datasets and records used by payment and financial market technology on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed inregister sumber.
Data
Peran
Label
CPMI payment and FMI statistics
System values and volumes
Statistik yang diterbitkan
CCP public quantitative disclosures
Liquidity resources and margin flows
DILAPORKAN
Settlement fails reports
Settlement efficiency
Statistik yang diterbitkan
Infrastructure incident disclosures
Operational failure analysis
DILAPORKAN
05Eksposur, kerugian, dan modal
What market infrastructure technology means for exposure, loss and capital.
Tampilan eksposur, kerugian, skenario, dan modal yang akan diminta oleh pejabat risiko, otoritas pengawas, atau kementerian keuangan, beserta kerangka pelaporan yang mereka gunakan. Strukturnya mengikuti praktik pengawasan dan aktuaria. Nilai bersifat ilustratif: tidak pernah merupakan harga, peringkat, atau saran.
Indikator modal, solvabilitas, dan fiskal
The indicators a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance reads first on market infrastructure technology.
Indikator
Unit
Siapa yang membaca
Kerangka
Rasio CET1
% aset tertimbang menurut risiko
Bank, otoritas pengawas
Kerangka Basel
Rasio kecukupan likuiditas
% arus keluar dalam tekanan
Bank, bank sentral
Kerangka Basel
Rasio solvabilitas
% persyaratan modal solvabilitas
Perusahaan asuransi, otoritas pengawas
IAIS Insurance Core Principles
Rasio gabungan
% premi yang diperoleh
Perusahaan asuransi
Praktik aktuaria
Kesenjangan perlindungan
porsi kerugian ekonomi yang tidak diasuransikan
Perusahaan asuransi, kementerian keuangan
Statistik kerugian yang diterbitkan
Utang publik
% PDB
Kementerian keuangan, IMF
Kerangka Keberlanjutan Utang
Kebutuhan pembiayaan bruto
% PDB per tahun
Kementerian keuangan, investor
Kerangka Keberlanjutan Utang
Source: the frameworks named in each row. Indicator names, units and frameworks only; values belong to each institution’s own reporting and are never shown here.
Skenario iklim NGFS · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Pengungkapan terkait Iklim · ISSBRekomendasi TCFD · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinsip-prinsip pengelolaan efektif risiko keuangan terkait iklim · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
06Validasi
Cara hasil diperiksa.
Sistemare tested through failover exercises, liquidity simulations and supervisory oversight. Reconciliation checks the integrity of settled positions.
Pemeriksaan
Cara pelaksanaannya
Reconciliation
Simulated flows are reconciled with reported settlement totals before any scenario is run
Scenario review against the PFMI
Scenarios are checked against the extreme but plausible conditions the PFMI require
Behavioural sensitivity
Results are tested for changes in participant behaviour such as delayed payments or hoarding of liquidity
Interdependence among participants and third-party providers can produce unexpected failures. Simulations may not capture behavioural responses under stress.
What are the limits of payment and financial market technology in this field?
Interdependence among participants and third-party providers can produce unexpected failures. Simulations may not capture behavioural responses under stress.
Bagaimana hasil diperiksa?
Systems are tested through failover exercises, liquidity simulations and supervisory oversight. Reconciliation checks the integrity of settled positions.
Apakah nilai di halaman ini nyata?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
Laporanis the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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