Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition
Risk engineering for portfolios
Financial and risk engineering measures and decomposes portfolio risk: concentration, factor exposure, liquidity, leverage and the tail. In asset management it supplies the risk measures that fund boards and regulators read. Its known weakness is that models calibrated in normal markets understate correlation and loss in stress.
Financial and risk engineering designs instruments, models and processes to measure, price and transfer risk. It applies quantitative methods to portfolios, insurance and risk-sharing arrangements. In capital markets and investment, climate and hazards and biodiversity and nature, financial engineering enables physical and operational risks to be priced and transferred to capital markets. It informs the design of instruments that fund prevention and recovery. The canonical description is onthe STEM Commons.
Look-through risk decomposition
Holdings are traced through funds of funds and derivatives to issuers, sectors, factors and counterparties, and risk is attributed to each, so concentration is visible where it actually sits.
Liquidity bucketing and redemption tests
Each position is assigned an estimated time to liquidate at a stated trade size and market impact, and redemption scenarios are run against the resulting profile.
Leverage and collateral analysis
Derivative and repo positions are mapped to collateral demands under rate and spread shocks, with the time available to meet each margin call stated.
03Erdnîgarî
Activity and exposure in North America.
Population density, night lights and flood water over North America, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
Nexşeya înteraktîf JavaScript hewce dike; lîsteya qatan û çavkanî li jêr in.
Qat 3
Çalakî û rûbirûbûn, ji bo vê rûpelê
Derbarê vê qatê
Delîl
Texmînkirî
Çavkanî
Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Zanîngeha Columbia))
null; texmîna li ser bingeha serjimariyê, statîk (2020)
Çareserî
torê nêzîkî 1 km
Nediyarî
Texmîna li ser bingeha serjimêriyê ya mirovan ji bo her kîlometre çargoşeyekê di 2020 de, wekî çarçoveya rûbirûbûnê tê nîşandan; ne jimara mirovên ji hêla tu metirsiyê ve bandor bûne ye.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
rojane; Tesbîtkirina bi peykê; ewr valahiyan dihêlin
Nûtirîn di dema avakirinê de
2026-10-14
Çareserî
tora nêzîkî 250 m
Nediyarî
Tesbîtkirina bi peykê; ewr valahiyan dihêlin. Rasterê peyk an modelê wekî pêşkêşker diweşîne. Ewr, valahiyên şeritê û xeletiya wergirtinê valahî û lerzê dihêlin; nirx nîşander in, ne pîvandinên li cihekî ne.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
Derbarê vê qatê
Delîl
Çavdêrîkirî (ewrên mayinde hêj jî valahiyan dihêlin)
8-rojî; Berhevoka peykî ya 8-rojî; ewrên mayinde hêj jî valahiyan dihêlin
Nûtirîn di dema avakirinê de
2026-09-14
Çareserî
torê nêzîkî 1 km
Nediyarî
Germahiya rûyê axê ya peykî di 8 rojên ku bi dîroka nîşandayî diqedin de, nîşanderek ji rûbirûbûna germê; ne germahiya hewayê, ne îndeksa germê û ne hişyariya germê ye.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
Analîzeke peykî ya ka germahiya behrê çiqas ji nirxa wê ya adetî ji bo roja tê nîşandan dûr dikeve; nîşanderek germa behrî ye, ne hişyariya spîbûna koralan e.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
rojane; Bidestxistina peykî; ewr û tîrêja tavê valahiyan dihêlin
Nûtirîn di dema avakirinê de
2026-10-13
Çareserî
torê nêzîkî 1 km
Nediyarî
Texmîna peykî ya klorofîl-a li nêzî rûyê behrê di roja nîşandayî de, nîşanek ji plankton û hilberîna okyanûsê; ne pîvana teplên masiyan an şînbûna zerardar e.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
Bikişîne da ku bilivîne. Ctrl an ⌘ û zivirandin, pincandin an bişkojkan ji bo nêzîkkirinê; ji bo nirxên di bin nîşanderê de li ser bisekine; vegerandin vedigere herêmê.
Activity and exposure, framed on North America.Berhemên peyk û modelê wekî NASA diweşîne, her yek bi dîroka xwe. Nîşander in, ne nirxandinên tu cihî ne.
We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified).Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified).Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Bi lîsansa CC BY 4.0. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a hatî weşandin ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihê nîşandayî di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navgîn kirin (guhertî). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
Ronahiyên şevê yên VIIRS Black Marble, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; ji aliyê NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC) ve tê belavkirin; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî dîsa hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navînkirin (guherandî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Berhemên VIIRS yên hema hema di dema rast de (lehî, germahiya rûyê erdê, vegirtina berfê, refleksiyona rastkirî), NASA LANCE; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a hatî weşandin ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihê nîşandayî di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navgîn kirin (guhertî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Analîzên GHRSST Level 4 MUR, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; ji aliyê NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC) ve tê belavkirin; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a hatî weşandin ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihê nîşandayî di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navgîn kirin (guhertî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Rengê okyanûsê yê MODIS Aqua, NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group; ji aliyê NASA Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC) ve tê belavkirin; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a hatî weşandin ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihê nîşandayî di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navgîn kirin (guhertî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
ASTER GDEM berhemek METI û NASA ye (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî dîsa hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navînkirin (guherandî). Bi vî awayî binivîse: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Bi Natural Earth hatiye çêkirin. Daneyên nexşeyê yên vektor û raster ên belaş @ naturalearthdata.com. Giştî
Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî dîsa hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navînkirin (guherandî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Bûyerên zindî: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); bûyer nîşanî ne û girêdanên çavkaniya xwe ya orîjînal diparêzin.
Zindî: Bûyerên NASA EONET nîşander in, ne hişyariyên desthilatê ne.
Zindî: U.S. Geological Survey Bûyer nîşanî ne, ne hişyariyên rayedaran in.
Çarçove: CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, û NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010; Seto, Guneralp û Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030; Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013.
NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
Qatên bijarte (5 çavkanî di lîsteya qatan de: zindî, pêşbînî, çavdêrîkirî û çarçove) dema ku têne vekirin krediya pêşkêşkerê xwe li ser nexşeyê û li vir çap dikin; pêşbînî derketina modelê ne û nîşanderên derivekirî texmîn in.
Qat û dîrok
Qebareya nifûsê, 2020: Nifûs: CIESIN, Zanîngeha Columbia, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · sabît
Ronahiya şevê, rojane: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Cotmeh 2026
Ava lehiyê, berhevoka 3-rojî: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Cotmeh 2026
Germahiya rûyê erdê, roj, kompozîta 8 rojan: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8 roj, NASA LANCE · 14 Îlon 2026
Anomaliya germahiya rûyê behrê: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 12 Cotmeh 2026
Qebareya klorofîl-a ya okyanûsê: rengê okyanûsê yê MODIS Aqua, NASA OB.DAAC · 12 Cotmeh 2026
04Dane
What the method consumes.
Datasets and records used by financial and risk engineering on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed inthe source register.
Dane
Rol
Nîşan
Position and holdings data
Exposure and decomposition
REPORTED
Market trade and quote data
Liquidity and price impact estimates
ÇAVDÊRÎKIRÎ
Derivative and collateral records
Leverage and margin analysis
REPORTED
Factor model outputs
Risk attribution
MODELKIRÎ
05Simulatorê cêwî û kaskade
Trace a shock in risk engineering for portfolios to the balance sheet.
Assembled from theNexus Standardsarea profileXwediyên malan û birêvebirina malan: the shocks it names, thepergalanand sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the fullSystem Builder.
NRS-H113 Malbata metirsiyê: Nazikiya pergala darayî (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)
NRS-N6 Xetera binesaziyê û berxwedan
NRS-C3 Daneyên metirsî, rûbirûbûn, lawazî û kapasîteyê
NRS-M3 Tevna rêbazan: Îstîxbarata rûbirûbûn û samanan
NRS-N5 Xetera cûrbecûrbûna jîndaran û xwezayê û berxwedan
Çavdêrî
OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)
NGFS Scenario Explorer (listed for reference)
GLEIF Golden Copy (LEI Level 1 and Level 2 data) (listed for reference)
World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
Number of companies publishing sustainability reports
Market capitalisation of listed domestic companies (% of GDP)
Total greenhouse gas emissions per year
Erdnîgariya mînakê
Western Europe: 152 hexagonal cells
Rêjeya barînê, nîv saeta dawî (IMERG), NASA GIBS
Ronahiyên şevê îşev, qutbûn (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
06Erêkirin
How results are checked.
Models are back-tested, benchmarked against alternatives and reviewed by independent validation functions. Stress tests probe behaviour beyond historical data.
Kontrol bikin
How it is done
Back-testing
Risk measures are compared with realised losses; exceptions are counted and investigated
Rastandina modelê ya serbixwe
Models are reviewed by a function separate from their developers, and limitations are recorded
Stress beyond history
Correlation and liquidity assumptions are shocked to levels not seen in the calibration window
Models calibrated to normal markets can underestimate tail losses and correlation shifts. Complex instruments may obscure where risk ultimately sits.
07Exposure, loss and capital
What risk engineering for portfolios means for exposure, loss and capital.
The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.
Scenario pathways
How risk engineering for portfolios could be stressed under the scenario families central banks and supervisors use.
Scenario family
Transition risk
Physical risk
What a stress test asks
Orderly
Early, gradual policy
Kêmtir
Can the book absorb a steady repricing?
Disorderly
Late, abrupt policy
Lower to medium
What breaks under a sudden repricing and credit migration?
Hot house world
Limited policy
High and rising
Where do physical losses concentrate in collateral and insurance?
Scenario families as defined by the NGFS; the curves are an illustrative combined pressure index, not NGFS variables or forecasts.
NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
Risk engineering for portfolios: Catastrophe model pipeline
10 steps·5 qonax
Pêvajo
Risk engineering for portfolios: Catastrophe model pipeline
Catastrophe models usually have hazard, vulnerability, exposure and financial modules, and produce loss tables,average annual loss, exceedance curves, PML and TVaR.
01 Hazard
01Event catalogueDataset · Model developerThe hazard module holds a large catalogue of simulated events that represents a wide range of plausible scenarios.
03Hazard moduleModel · Model developerFor each event the hazard module gives the localhazard intensitythat the vulnerability module reads.
02 Exposure and damage
02RûbirûbûnDataset · Liquidity committeeThe exposure module houses the portfolio data, such as location-specific information.
04Vulnerability moduleModel · Model developerThe vulnerability module quantifies the expected damage to the exposures from an event.
03 Financial
05Financial moduleModel · Liquidity committeeThe financial module calculates losses from all event scenarios. Ground-up, gross and net losses differ as shown below.
06Event loss tableDataset · Liquidity committeeAn event loss table lists each event with its annual occurrence probability and its loss for the portfolio.
07Year loss tableDataset · Liquidity committeeSome models also sample simulated years from event losses. This outline does not describe their format.
04 Metrics
08Exceedance probabilitycurvesModel · Liquidity committeeThe occurrence curve gives the chance that the largest loss in a year exceeds an amount. The aggregate curve does so for the sum of losses.
09AAL, PML and TVaRModel · Liquidity committeeAverage annual loss sums event probability times loss. PML is one point on the occurrence curve.
05 Use of results
10Use of resultsDecision · Liquidity committeeThe tail metrics are used when considering a portfolio’s exposure and the level of catastrophe reinsurance an insurer requires.
Outline of an external standard or method, from its public sources. It describes what the framework says, not a record of any run. It does not show that Nexus or any partner performs, certifies or approves a step. A gate is a step of the method, never a Nexus approval.
10Stewardship
Who maintains the method.
Xetera aktuarî û hejmarîstewards financial and risk engineering for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
What are the limits of financial and risk engineering in this field?
Models calibrated to normal markets can underestimate tail losses and correlation shifts. Complex instruments may obscure where risk ultimately sits.
How are results checked?
Models are back-tested, benchmarked against alternatives and reviewed by independent validation functions. Stress tests probe behaviour beyond historical data.
Are the values on this page real?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
rêzeya Pergalên Stratejîkis the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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Asset Management Nexus
Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.
Agahî û pirs îro vekirî ne. Pirsek referansekê distîne û gava piştî wê dide nasîn; serlêdan, drav, veqetandina hesabkirinê û tomarkirin tenê dema ku tîm, mercên wê û kapasîteya vekolînê hebin vedibin.
Nexşe, dane û jimarên vê malperê ji bo çarçoveyê û agahiyên giştî têne nîşandan. Ew ne şîret, ne pêşbînî û ne hişyarî ne; sînorên agahiyê di Daxuyaniyên Berpirsiyariyê û Daxuyaniyên Daneyê de hatine diyarkirin.
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