GRA · Actuarial and Quantitative Risk

Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition

Hatari za Kiaktuari na Kiidadi

The quantitative core of financial risk: actuarial and statistical methods that turn hazard, exposure and behaviour into loss distributions, capital and pricing questions, with their uncertainty stated. Actuarial and Quantitative Risk is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance.

STEM methods
6
Canonical methods this field applies
Topics
8
Subject pages in the field
Counterparts
4
Platforms in shared fields across the network
Report series
2
Reports series it contributes to
02What the platform does

Shared methods, stated uncertainty, no sign-off.

The platform builds shared industry understanding of actuarial mathematics, extreme value theory, stochastic modelling, credibility and pricing theory and model validation. It is GRA’s STEM core, and its the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) counterpart is Sayansi ya Mifumo na Uundaji wa Vielelezo.

Notes

Method notes

Clear accounts of methods, assumptions and limits, written for practitioners and reviewers.

Validation

Model validation guidance

Research on back-testing, benchmarking and challenger models, without validating any firm’s model.

Annexes

Quantitative annexes

Method annexes for GRA finance-readiness dossiers, and teaching material.

GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval. Competition safeguards are designed and set out in a written policy.

03Monitor

Reserving workbench.

The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.

Reserving workbench: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Long-tail book.Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.
05Loss model

Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss.

The loss a portfolio in the footprint can expect per year and at the 1 in 100 and 1 in 250 levels that insurers and lenders price, from the same three blocks every catastrophe model uses. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.

Controls

Typical annual hazard intensity (location)
1.00 intensity index
Spread of extremes (scale)
0.80 intensity index
Intensity at which half the value is lost
4.00 intensity index
Dispersion of vulnerability
0.55
Share of value in the hazard footprint
40%
Protection standard (return period)
50 years

Readouts

Average annual loss
0.51% of value
Loss at 1 in 100 years
24.5% of value
Loss at 1 in 250 years
28.4% of value
Intensity at 1 in 100 years
4.68 intensity index
Numbers, methods and sources
Return period (years)Intensity (intensity index)Loss (% of value)
10.090.00
21.270.00
41.910.00
72.470.00
133.000.00
243.510.00
444.020.00
824.5323.55
1545.0326.44
2875.5328.87
5366.0330.88
1,0006.5332.53

Mbinu

  1. Gumbel extreme-value hazard Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press
  2. Lognormal fragility (vulnerability) FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
  3. Exceedance-probability curve and average annual loss Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer
  4. Levee effect Di Baldassarre and others (2013), Socio-hydrology, HESS 17
  5. Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  6. One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Data

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • Mito Natural Earth
  • Urban extents Natural Earth
  • Miji Natural Earth
  • Earthquakes M4.5+, past week (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey · register usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
  • Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS · register open-meteo.public-pages
  • Built-up and settlement extent, 2010 (HBASE, Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · register sedac.context-urban-layers
Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Gumbel extreme-value hazard (Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press); Lognormal fragility (vulnerability) (FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual); Exceedance-probability curve and average annual loss (Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer).
06Frameworks

What the work is read against.

The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.

Framework or standardBodyWhat it sets
International Standards of Actuarial PracticeInternational Actuarial Association (IAA)Model standards for actuarial work, including general practice, IFRS 17, ERM, and models
Actuarial Standards of PracticeActuarial Standards Board (United States)Professional standards on topics including modelling, credibility, risk classification and catastrophe modelling
Insurance Capital StandardInternational Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS)A group-wide prescribed capital requirement for internationally active insurance groups, adopted after a monitoring period
Solvency IIEuropean Union, with EIOPA technical standardsRisk-based capital calibrated to a one-in-two-hundred-year loss over one year, with standard formula and internal model routes
IFRS 17 Insurance ContractsInternational Accounting Standards BoardMeasurement of insurance liabilities, including the risk adjustment for non-financial risk
Actuarial Profession Standards and Technical Actuarial StandardsInstitute and Faculty of Actuaries; Financial Reporting Council (United Kingdom)Professional conduct and technical standards for actuarial work in the United Kingdom
CMI Mortality Projections ModelContinuous Mortality Investigation of the Institute and Faculty of ActuariesA widely used model for projecting mortality improvements in the United Kingdom
Mortality improvement scalesSociety of Actuaries (United States)Published scales and tools for projecting mortality improvement for pension and insurance use
07Twin and cascade simulator

Trace a shock in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk to the balance sheet.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Bima na bima mtawanyo: the shocks it names, the mifumo and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

Majanga

  • Tropical cyclone
  • Earthquake
  • Ice-jam flood
  • Moto wa nyika
  • Storm surge (set off downstream)
  • Intense rainfall (set off downstream)
  • River flood (set off downstream)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • Dangerous surf (set off downstream)
  • Widespread power outage (set off downstream)
  • Mass displacement (set off downstream)
  • Coastal flood (set off downstream)
  • Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
  • Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
  • Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
  • Slope slide (set off downstream)
  • Rockfall (set off downstream)
  • Tsunami (set off downstream)

Controls

  • NS-0 Katiba na kanuni
  • NS-3 UNI za rekodi za hatari (sarufi, ulinganishi wa urithi, mamlaka ya ugawaji)
  • NS-9 UNI za kimuktadha (utekelezaji, matukio, matukio ya programu)
  • NS-10 Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)
  • NS-11 Uthibitishaji na ufuatiliaji (ushahidi, uthibitisho, uchunguzi wa ulinganifu usio na imani)
  • NS-14 Ulinganifu na upatanisho na viwango vya nje
  • NRS-F3 Insurance, catastrophe risk and protection gaps
  • NRS-H113 Hazard family: Financial-system fragility (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)
  • NRS-U17 Ulimwengu platform profile: Insurance Nexus
  • NRS-H71 Hazard family: Deep-time and cosmic catastrophes (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)
  • NRS-H65 Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-F8 Parametric and index-based risk transfer

Observation

  • OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)
  • Insurance statistics (listed for reference)
  • USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product
  • (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults

Example geography

  • Western Europe: 152 hexagonal cells
  • Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS
  • Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
  • Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
08Muhtasari

What Actuarial and Quantitative Risk does.

Actuarial and quantitative risk is the mathematics behind insurance and financial risk estimates, from loss distributions to capital models. Global Risks Alliance’s platform explains loss and extreme value methods, climate-adjusted pricing, credibility, dependence, solvency models, validation and mortality and longevity, under professional standards. It gives no actuarial opinions.

Who it serves

Its community

Actuaries; quantitative analysts; catastrophe modellers; risk modellers; model validators; academic statisticians.

Jinsi inavyofanya kazi

Its methods

Actuarial mathematics; extreme value theory; stochastic modelling; credibility and pricing theory; model validation.

What it produces

Its outputs

Method notes; model validation guidance; quantitative annexes to finance-readiness dossiers; teaching material.

09Exposure, loss and capital

What Actuarial and Quantitative Risk means for exposure, loss and capital.

The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.

Exposure and loss at return periods

How losses from Actuarial and Quantitative Risk grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.

1 in 101 in 501 in 1001 in 250grossnet of reinsurance800
Return periodAnnual probabilityGross lossNet lossNet, capital = 100
1 in 100.10141010
1 in 500.02332121
1 in 1000.01462727
1 in 2500.004683939
Average annual loss3.12.22.2
Illustrative loss index for a example portfolio (capital = 100): the exceedance-probability form insurers and supervisors read. Not data on any institution, not a price or a rating.

Transmission channels

How a shock in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk reaches credit, market, underwriting, liquidity and operational risk, and feeds back.

Channel structure after the Basel Committee’s work on climate-related risk drivers and transmission channels; links shown are typical paths, not estimated exposures.
NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
10Tatizo

Why quantitative models fail when they matter most.

Actuarial science and quantitative finance exist to put numbers on uncertainty: how often claims occur and how large they are, how long people live, how asset values move and how much capital is needed to survive bad years. These methods are powerful, and they underpin the solvency of insurers, pension funds and banks. Their failures are also well documented. Models calibrated on calm periods underestimated losses in financial crises; catastrophe models have been surprised by events outside their historical experience; correlations that looked stable broke down under stress; and longevity assumptions have repeatedly needed revision.

Three features make these failures systemic. First, the tail of the loss distribution, where rare but severe outcomes sit, is precisely where data are scarcest and estimates least certain. Second, dependence between risks tends to rise in a crisis, so diversification that looked reliable disappears when it is needed. Third, the world changes: climate change, medical advances, technology and new financial structures make the past an imperfect guide to the future. When many institutions use similar models and assumptions, their errors can be correlated too.

Good quantitative practice responds by stating uncertainty honestly, testing models against data they were not built on, challenging them with alternatives and being clear about what they cannot represent. That practice is shared across insurance, banking, pensions and financial stability, which is why it needs a common professional home.

11Spatial finance

Exposure, hazard and the exceedance curve.

Which places drive loss in a severe year, and how far it reaches into reinsurance. Illustrative design values.

Coastal exposure under cyclone and earthquake zones, beside the loss curve it produces.Illustrative design values, not a model output or a price.
12Foundation and counterparts

Grounded in mathematics, connected across three institutions.

The platform stewards actuarial mathematics and financial and risk engineering in the STEM Commons, and applies extreme value theory and tail risk, probability and statistics, uncertainty quantification and model validation and high-performance, cloud and edge computing. It sits in the fields of insurance and catastrophe, methods and modelling and capital markets and investment.

At The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), its counterparts are Sayansi ya Mifumo na Uundaji wa Vielelezo, Hatari ya Kimfumo Management, Maabara and Foundry, where reproducible compute is designed to run. Within GRA, the platform supplies methods to Bima Mtawanyo na Majanga, Insurance Nexus and AI and Financial Model Risk, and actuarial methods remain a chapter topic of Reinsurance and Catastrophe. Research feeds the Methods and Technical and Finance and Insurance Readiness series, and the Universe theme shared quantitative methods for an edition tests them in an exercise setting.

13Coverage

The areas of insurance and catastrophe this platform takes on.

Actuarial and Quantitative Risk studies the mathematics behind insurance and financial risk estimates: loss distributions, extreme value methods, climate-adjusted pricing, credibility when data are sparse, dependence between risks, capital and solvency models, model validation and mortality and longevity. Its pages set out how each method works, where it fails, which data and professional standards apply, and who signs off the results, with every source labelled. Global Risks Alliance shares professional understanding and does not give actuarial opinions or advice.

Area

Loss distributions

Frequency and severity models, aggregate loss distributions and the choices that shape their tails.

Area

Extreme value methods

Modelling the largest losses and hazard extremes beyond the observed record, with their uncertainty.

Area

Climate-adjusted pricing

Adjusting premiums and loss estimates for changing hazard rather than relying on past averages alone.

Area

Credibility and sparse data

Blending limited own experience with wider data, and estimating risks with few observations.

Area

Dependence and correlation

How risks move together, especially in the tail, and how diversification credit is justified.

Area

Capital and solvency models

Standard formulas and internal models that set the capital insurers and banks must hold.

Area

Model validation

Testing, back-testing and independent review of quantitative models against professional and supervisory standards.

Area

Mortality and longevity

Mortality tables, improvement projections and the risk that people live longer than assumed.

14Grounding

Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

Every claim on Actuarial and Quantitative Risk rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.

Actuarial mathematicsNadharia ya thamani kali na hatari za mikia ya usambazajiUwezekano na takwimuUkadiriaji wa kutokuwa na uhakika na uthibitishaji wa vielelezoFinancial and risk engineeringHigh-performance, cloud and edge computing

See the STEM foundation of Actuarial and Quantitative Risk

15Cycle

How work moves in this field.

A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.

  1. Swali Ulimwengu National, regional or institutional priority. Question in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk
  2. Ushahidi Foundry STEM foundation of the platform. Evidence in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk
  3. Jenga Foundry Foundry. Build in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk
  4. Organise Ulimwengu Nexus ecosystem. Organise in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk
  5. Jaribio Ulimwengu Universe (independent site). Test in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk
  6. Chapisha Ripoti Reports. Publish in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk
  7. Amua Competent authority Competent authorities and institutions, through NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs). Decide in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk
  8. Sasisha Ulimwengu Corrections and the next annual agenda. Renew in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk

Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.

16Nguzo sita

How this works across the six pillars.

Actuarial and Quantitative Risk works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, the Global Risks Forum (GRF) and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in Maabara, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in Nexus Standards, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.

Select pillars · hover linesmakabidhiano 18 / 18

Njia

The whole programme

Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year’s feedback loops.

L · F · U · S · R · A

Nguzo
6 ya 6
Makabidhiano
18 kati ya 18
Mizunguko
17 zimefungwa

Handoffs in play

  • F01Universe → Foundry · Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision caseReadiness preparation
  • F02Foundry → Universe · Core Build Report and go or no-go evidenceControlled build
  • F03Foundry → Reports · Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profileCloseout
  • F04Universe → Reports · After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13Mapitio baada ya hatua

and 14 more

F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.
  1. MaabaraWhere questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.Maabara
  2. FoundryWhere exposure and scenario evidence is built so supervisors, insurers and investors can read it.Actuarial and Quantitative Risk in FoundryFoundry
  3. UlimwenguWhere scenarios are tested in controlled exercises, and finance-readiness dialogues read what they mean for capital and cover.Actuarial and Quantitative Risk in Universeuniverse.nexus
  4. Nexus StandardsWhere disclosure and data rules are codified so risk evidence is comparable for finance and insurance.Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standardsnexustandards.com
  5. RipotiWhere sector analysis and the finance and insurance readiness series are published, with exposure and limits stated.Actuarial and Quantitative Risk in ReportsRipoti
  6. Risk AcademyWhere finance, insurance and public-finance professionals learn to read risk evidence, on Risk Academy.Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academyrisksacademy.com
17Muungano

The same field, seen three ways.

GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. Actuarial and Quantitative Risk links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.

19Maswali

Questions and answers.

Who publishes Actuarial and Quantitative Risk?
The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) publishes Actuarial and Quantitative Risk and is responsible for what it publishes. GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.
Is Actuarial and Quantitative Risk active?
Actuarial and Quantitative Risk is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
How can I contribute?
Start with the participation paths or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.
Where are findings published?
Reviewed outputs appear on the publications page, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.
Which values on this platform are real?
Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.
How do I report an error?
Tumia corrections and concerns, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.
Does the platform validate or approve models?
No. This is shared industry research on methods, not actuarial, investment or regulatory advice to any firm, and GRA does not validate, approve or sign off any model.
Is this a professional actuarial body?
No. It does not admit members to a profession, set professional standards or discipline practitioners. Those roles belong to actuarial associations and regulators.
RipotiChangia

Changia ushahidi kutoka ukurasa huu.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Global Risks AllianceHatari za Kiaktuari na KiidadiMethods and TechnicalFinance and Insurance Readiness
Jinsi inavyofanya kazi

How Actuarial and Quantitative Risk works.

Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform’s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.

Hatari za Kiaktuari na Kiidadi

How Actuarial and Quantitative Risk works

Majukwaa · Mwaka wa programu · Viwango · Ripoti

A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.

  1. 01 Scope

    1. 01Field and familiesStart · The platform leadThe home states the field, its families and who it serves.
    2. 02Topic dossiersRecord · Platform authorsTopics explain the subject with labelled evidence.
  2. 02 Evidence

    1. 03Lebo za ushahidiRekodi · GCRIEach value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.
    2. 04MbinuStep · Method ownersMethods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.
  3. 03 Work

    1. 05Scenarios on the mifumoModel · Foundry pillarScenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.
    2. 06Standards that applyRecord · Nexus StandardsThe platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.
  4. 04 Publish

    1. 07MatoleoRecord · ReportsFindings are published through Reports with their limits.
    2. 08Mamlaka huamuaMatokeo · Mamlaka husikaMaamuzi na utekelezaji hubaki kwa serikali, mwendeshaji au taasisi yenye leseni.

Actuarial and Quantitative Risk home · Platforms · Shared methodsMuhtasari wa jinsi kazi ilivyoundwa kuendeshwa; hairipoti hali ya uamuzi wala rekodi yoyote.

Shiriki

Take part in Actuarial and Quantitative Risk.

Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Actuarial and Quantitative Risk platform.

Njia

National institutions

Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. Sura za kitaifa

Njia

Sectors and professions

Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Actuarial and Quantitative Risk. Shiriki

Njia

Kujifunza

Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. Ujifunzaji huria

Njia

Viwango

Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. Vikundi kazi

Njia

Communities and research

Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. Write to the team

The Global Risks Index

Kila kielelezo kwenye ukurasa huu kimewekewa faharasa: majanga, tabianchi, migogoro, dunia.

The Index is the Consortium’s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its Nexus Standards , chanzo chake na leseni yake, ili kinachoonyeshwa kwenye ukurasa huu kiweze kufuatiliwa, kurekebishwa na kutumiwa tena.

  1. 01 · Vyanzovyanzo 205 vilivyosajiliwaKila thamani huhifadhi chanzo na leseni yake; thamani zilizozuiwa huhesabiwa.Data na leseni
  2. 02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 na NHS-1viashiria 451, hatari za asili 905. Kila rekodi hubeba UNI.Nexus Standards
  3. 03 · KielezoMfululizo 54, wasifu wa nchi 195Hukokotolewa kwa viwango; hakuna thamani inayochapishwa kabla toleo halijatolewa.The Global Risks Index
  4. 04 · Ukurasa huuHatari za Kiaktuari na KiidadiRamani, vielelezo na mikondo husoma Faharasa katika muktadha wa majanga, tabianchi, migogoro.API ya umma
Vyanzo205vimesajiliwa, kila kimoja na leseni yake
Viashiria451NIS-1, viashiria jumuishi 106, fahirisi 20 za nyanja
Majanga905NHS-1, imeoanishwa na UNDRR-ISC HIPs
Mfululizo54wa kimataifa, kisekta, kimkakati, kiteknolojia, kimaudhui
Wasifu wa nchi195tovuti moja kwa kila nchi

Mfululizo katika muktadha huu hatari za asili, tabianchi, migogoro

  1. GLBMifumo ya KimataifaHali ya hatari za kimataifazinazotegemeana: vielezo ishirini vya nyanja vilivyojumlishwa kwa dunia, mifumo mitano mikuu (maji, nishati, chakula, afya, bioanuwai) na viunganisho vyake, rejista ya kimataifa ya hatari za mikia ya usambazaji na pengo…NXS-GRX-AR-000002Hatari za asili · Tabianchi · Migogoro
  2. THDisaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)Ishara, uchunguzi, mikondo ya matukio, tabaka za kijiografia na vifurushi vya hali dhahania vinavyogeuzwa kuwa taarifa za hatari zilizopangwa kwa ajili ya utayari na mipango.NXS-GRX-AR-000111Hatari za asili · Tabianchi · Migogoro
  3. GSGlobal CitiesMfiduo wa mijini, joto, mafuriko, makazi yasiyo rasmi, utegemezi wa huduma na uzito wa kiuchumi wa miji iliyo hatarini.NXS-GRX-AR-000068Hatari za asili · Miundombinu · Tabianchi
  4. GSTabianchi DunianiMajanga sugu na ya ghafla ya kimwili ya tabianchi, mfiduo wa mpito, mapengo ya kukabiliana na njia za hali tarajiwa hadi 2030, 2050 na 2100.NXS-GRX-AR-000065Tabianchi · Majanga · Fedha

Mfululizo wote 54 · Fahirisi 20 za nyanja

Wasifu wa nchi duniani

Wasifu wa kila nchi hubeba chanzo na leseni ya kila thamani. Sahihisha thamani au jibu

Nyanja za hatari za asili NHS-1

Data za kijiografia na API wazi

Matabaka huria kwenye gridi ya pembesita zenye eneo sawa, yanayoonyeshwa kama msongamano kwa km² au kama alama: Watu · GHSL 2025Watu · WorldPop 2025Eneo lililojengwaBandariViwanja vya ndegeBarabaraReliMito na mistari ya kati ya maziwa

/api/v1/public/grix · https://nexustandards.com/uni/{uni}
Wasanidi · Data · Imetengenezwa kwa Natural Earth, Kikoa cha umma; GHSL na WorldPop, CC BY 4.0

Muhtasari wa rejista za Fahirisi zilizofungwa 2026-10-23 · 22c6eed. Taarifa za utafiti na uchambuzi wa hatari: si ukadiriaji, uainishaji rasmi, onyo, kigezo cha ulinganisho wala ushauri.

Hatari za Kiaktuari na Kiidadi

Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.

Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.

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