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GRA · Payments and Market Infrastructure

Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition

Payments and Market Infrastructure

Operational resilience of clearing, settlement, payment systems and financial market utilities. Payments and Market Infrastructure is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance.

Open Industry scope and publisher About GRA
STEM methods
6
Canonical methods this field applies
Topics
8
Subject pages in the field
Counterparts
5
Platforms in shared fields across the network
Report series
2
Reports series it contributes to
01Workspace

The workspace for Payments and Market Infrastructure.

RTGS operations console

RTGS system · Business day 180 · Example interface, not a record

  • Value settled today
    45local bnActive
  • Payments queued
    17965Watch
  • Availability, % this month
    100.0Normal
  • Participants below liquidity floor
    2Alert
Queue building at peakGRA · Payments and Market Infrastructure

Intraday liquidity, system

Incident and failover log

  1. 09:23INCParticipant P-12 message delay
  2. 10:18LSMLiquidity saving cycle released 64 payments
  3. 14:00CUTCustomer payment cut-off
  4. Q2TESTContingency site failover in 53 min
RTGS operations console.Illustrative interface; not live data.

Payments and Market Infrastructure · RTGS operations console. RTGS operations console: example names and illustrative values, not a record.

02Frameworks

What the work is read against.

The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.

Framework or standardBodyWhat it sets
Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMI)Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) and IOSCOInternational standards for payment systems, central securities depositories, securities settlement systems, central counterparties and trade repositories
Guidance on cyber resilience for financial market infrastructuresCPMI and IOSCOExpectations for governance, identification, protection, detection, response and recovery, including resumption of critical operations
G20 Roadmap for Enhancing Cross-border PaymentsFinancial Stability Board with CPMI and other bodiesTargets for the cost, speed, access and transparency of cross-border payments and the actions to reach them
ISO 20022 financial messaging standardInternational Organization for StandardizationA common data model and message format for payments and securities, used by major payment systems
Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA)European UnionICT risk management, incident reporting, resilience testing including threat-led penetration testing, and oversight of critical ICT third-party providers
Guidance on CCP resilience, recovery and resolutionCPMI-IOSCO and the Financial Stability BoardExpectations for CCP stress testing, margin, recovery tools and resolution planning
FSB toolkit for third-party risk management and oversightFinancial Stability BoardCommon terminology and tools for financial institutions and authorities to manage third-party and concentration risk
Post-quantum cryptography standards (FIPS 203, 204 and 205)US National Institute of Standards and TechnologyStandardised key encapsulation and signature algorithms intended to resist attack by quantum computers
03Stress test

How a shock to assets becomes a system loss.

The equity the system loses after interbank contagion, against the initial hit, as leverage, interconnection and recovery rates change, the core of a macroprudential stress test. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.

Controls

Fall in external assets
2.0%
Leverage (assets over equity)
10 times
Interbank share of assets
10%
Recovery on interbank claims
40%
Banks in the system
20
Core banks
20% of banks

Readouts

Equity lost to the initial shock
18.0%
Equity lost after contagion
45.0%
Added by contagion (DebtRank)
27.0 points
Banks in default
0
Numbers, methods and sources
RoundSystem equity lost (%)Banks in default
018.000
128.800
235.280
339.170
441.500
542.900
643.740
744.240
844.550
944.730
1044.840
1144.900
1244.940
1344.960
1444.980
1544.990
1644.990
1745.000
1845.000
1945.000
2045.000
2145.000
2245.000
2345.000
2445.000
2545.000
2645.000
2745.000
2845.000
2945.000
3045.000

Methods

  1. DebtRank Battiston and others (2012), Scientific Reports 2:541
  2. Differential DebtRank Bardoscia and others (2015), PLOS ONE 10
  3. Contagion in financial networks Gai and Kapadia (2010), Proc. R. Soc. A 466
  4. Clearing in financial networks Eisenberg and Noe (2001), Management Science 47
  5. Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  6. One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Data

No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.

How a shock to assets becomes a system loss. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: DebtRank (Battiston and others (2012), Scientific Reports 2:541); Differential DebtRank (Bardoscia and others (2015), PLOS ONE 10); Contagion in financial networks (Gai and Kapadia (2010), Proc. R. Soc. A 466).

Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium

04Topics

The questions this field works on.

Topic

Retail and wholesale payments

Payment rails and economic continuity.

Topic

Clearing and settlement

Settlement exposures and infrastructure.

Topic

Central counterparty risk

CCPs, collateral and liquidity.

Topic

Cross border payments

Interoperability and failure modes.

Topic

Payment cyber security

Operational integrity and threat exposure.

Topic

Third party concentration

Cloud, identity and outsourced systems.

Topic

Cash and digital resilience

Fallbacks and financial access.

Topic

Operational test methods

Failure exercises and recovery assumptions.

05Exposure, loss and capital

What Payments and Market Infrastructure means for exposure, loss and capital.

The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.

Transmission channels

How a shock in Payments and Market Infrastructure reaches credit, market, underwriting, liquidity and operational risk, and feeds back.

Channel structure after the Basel Committee’s work on climate-related risk drivers and transmission channels; links shown are typical paths, not estimated exposures.

Scenario pathways

How Payments and Market Infrastructure could be stressed under the scenario families central banks and supervisors use.

OrderlyDisorderlyHot house world202520302035204020452050highlow
Scenario familyTransition riskPhysical riskWhat a stress test asks
OrderlyEarly, gradual policyLowerCan the book absorb a steady repricing?
DisorderlyLate, abrupt policyLower to mediumWhat breaks under a sudden repricing and credit migration?
Hot house worldLimited policyHigh and risingWhere do physical losses concentrate in collateral and insurance?
Scenario families as defined by the NGFS; the curves are an illustrative combined pressure index, not NGFS variables or forecasts.
NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
06Overview

What Payments and Market Infrastructure does.

Payments and market infrastructure are the systems that move money and settle trades: payment systems, central securities depositories, settlement systems and central counterparties. Global Risks Alliance’s platform explains how they concentrate and transmit operational, cyber, credit and liquidity risk, how resilience is tested and who decides. It does not operate or assess any system.

Who it serves

Its community

Payment-system researchers; FMI professionals; settlement technologists.

How it works

Its methods

Critical function mapping; dependency and outage analysis.

What it produces

Its outputs

FMI resilience guides; payment concentration studies.

07The problem

When the plumbing stops, the whole economy notices.

Financial market infrastructures (FMIs) are the systems through which payments, securities and derivatives are cleared, settled and recorded. They are rarely visible, but wages, pensions, supplier payments, card purchases, securities trades and central bank operations all depend on them.

A modern economy runs on layers of infrastructure. Retail payment systems process card, account-to-account and mobile payments; large-value systems, often operated by central banks, settle interbank obligations in central bank money; securities settlement systems and central securities depositories transfer ownership of securities; central counterparties stand between buyers and sellers in many markets; and trade repositories record derivatives. These systems are linked to each other and to banks, payment service providers, messaging networks, cloud providers and telecommunications.

Because FMIs concentrate activity, their failure has systemic consequences. An outage in a large-value payment system can leave banks unable to make payments, creating liquidity shortfalls that spread through the system. A cyber attack on a widely used provider can halt payments across sectors. Stress at a central counterparty during extreme market moves can force large, sudden demands for collateral that drain liquidity from members and markets. Even a few hours of disruption can affect wages, supply chains and confidence.

Resilience is challenged by change as well as shocks. Instant payments operate around the clock, removing the overnight window that once allowed recovery. Dependence on a few technology providers is growing. New technologies such as distributed ledgers and tokenised assets, and the prospect of quantum computers capable of breaking current cryptography, raise new questions about how infrastructures will remain safe.

08What the platform does

Shared understanding of critical functions and dependencies.

The platform builds a common, industry-wide picture of how financial market infrastructures can fail and how they recover, using published and aggregated evidence.

Critical functions

What must continue

Mapping of the functions that payment and market infrastructures provide to the economy and the dependencies behind each one.

Dependencies

Where concentration sits

Analysis of shared providers, links between infrastructures and the paths through which outages and stress propagate.

Outage analysis

How failure unfolds

Study of published incidents and scenarios to understand failure modes, recovery times and fallback arrangements.

GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, introduce counterparties or take transaction-based pay, and readiness work is not approval. GRA does not operate, connect to or test any live payment system, and it assesses no individual institution.

09Foundation and counterparts

Science and governance counterparts at the other institutions.

The platform stewards the method page for payment and financial market technology and applies network science and contagion, reliability and resilience engineering, cybersecurity and cryptography, distributed ledgers and digital assets and quantum computing, sensing and communication, listed on the platform STEM foundation. It draws on the Foundry systems NXS-NET (network topology and continuity), NXS-SIG (signal, spectrum, timing and PNT) and NXS-NSF (trust, authorisation and assurance), and contributes to the Strategic Systems and Scenario and Stress-Test series.

The underlying science is done at The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), with Cybersecurity and Digital Resilience, Quantum Technologies and Digital Public Infrastructure. At the Global Risks Forum (GRF), Capital Nexus and AI and Digital Governance convene governance dialogue on capital and digital technology. Within GRA, the platform works with Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience, Fintech Nexus and Financial Stability. See counterparts across the Consortium.

A payment system outage is the platform’s theme in the Universe programme, exercised as a simulated learning case that touches no live system.

10Coverage

The areas of financial stability this platform takes on.

Payments and Market Infrastructure studies the systems that move money and settle trades: retail and wholesale payment systems, central securities depositories, securities settlement, central counterparties and the networks that link them across borders. These systems concentrate risk by design, so their failure would stop activity across the economy. Its pages set out how operational, cyber, credit and liquidity risk arise and spread, how resilience is tested, and who decides. Global Risks Alliance shares industry understanding and does not operate, assess or certify any infrastructure.

Area

Retail and wholesale payments

Card, account-to-account, instant and large-value payment systems, and the settlement assets they use.

Area

Clearing and settlement

Securities settlement, central securities depositories, settlement cycles and delivery-versus-payment.

Area

Central counterparties

How CCPs manage default risk through margin, default funds and recovery and resolution arrangements.

Area

Cross-border payments

Correspondent banking, messaging standards, interlinking of fast payment systems and the G20 targets for cost, speed, access and transparency.

Area

Payment cyber security

Threats to payment and settlement systems, endpoint security and recovery from cyber attack.

Area

Third-party concentration

Dependence of infrastructures and participants on cloud, messaging and technology providers.

Area

Cash and digital resilience

The role of cash, offline payments and central bank money when digital channels fail.

Area

Operational testing

Scenario testing, recovery testing, red-teaming and market-wide exercises for infrastructures.

11Grounding

Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

Every claim on Payments and Market Infrastructure rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.

Payment and financial market technologyNetwork science and contagionReliability and resilience engineeringCybersecurity and cryptographyDistributed ledgers and digital assetsQuantum computing, sensing and communication

See the STEM foundation of Payments and Market Infrastructure

12Cycle

How work moves in this field.

A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.

  1. Question Universe National, regional or institutional priority. Question in Payments and Market Infrastructure
  2. Evidence Foundry STEM foundation of the platform. Evidence in Payments and Market Infrastructure
  3. Build Foundry Foundry. Build in Payments and Market Infrastructure
  4. Organise Universe Nexus ecosystem. Organise in Payments and Market Infrastructure
  5. Test Universe Universe (independent site). Test in Payments and Market Infrastructure
  6. Publish Reports Reports. Publish in Payments and Market Infrastructure
  7. Decide Competent authority Competent authorities and institutions, through NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs). Decide in Payments and Market Infrastructure
  8. Renew Universe Corrections and the next annual agenda. Renew in Payments and Market Infrastructure

Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.

13Six pillars

How this works across the six pillars.

Payments and Market Infrastructure works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in Labs, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in Nexus Standards, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.

Select pillars · hover lines18 / 18 handoffs

Route

The whole programme

Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year’s feedback loops.

L · F · U · S · R · A

Pillars
6 of 6
Handoffs
18 of 18
Loops
17 closed

Handoffs in play

  • F01Universe → Foundry · Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision caseReadiness preparation
  • F02Foundry → Universe · Core Build Report and go or no-go evidenceControlled build
  • F03Foundry → Reports · Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profileCloseout
  • F04Universe → Reports · After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13After-action review

and 14 more

F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.
  1. LabsWhere questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.Labs
  2. FoundryWhere exposure and scenario evidence is built so supervisors, insurers and investors can read it.Payments and Market Infrastructure in FoundryFoundry
  3. UniverseWhere scenarios are tested in controlled exercises, and finance-readiness dialogues read what they mean for capital and cover.Payments and Market Infrastructure in Universeuniverse.nexus
  4. Nexus StandardsWhere disclosure and data rules are codified so risk evidence is comparable for finance and insurance.Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standardsnexustandards.com
  5. ReportsWhere sector analysis and the finance and insurance readiness series are published, with exposure and limits stated.Payments and Market Infrastructure in ReportsReports
  6. Risk AcademyWhere finance, insurance and public-finance professionals learn to read risk evidence, on Risk Academy.Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academyrisksacademy.com
14Consortium

The same field, seen three ways.

GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. Payments and Market Infrastructure links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.

15Pages

Pages in Payments and Market Infrastructure.

Page

Industry scope and publisher

Page

Financial discipline overview

Page

Professional research

Page

Technology and emerging practices

Page

Resilience and finance readiness

Page

Research and industry programmes

Page

Analytical and data resources

Page

Professional community

Page

Professional learning

Page

Professional meetings

Page

Reports and sector briefs

Page

Membership and research participation

Page

Contact the industry platform

Page

Antitrust, independence and financial perimeter

Page

STEM foundation of Payments and Market Infrastructure

Page

How work moves in this field

Page

Build in Foundry

Page

Test in Universe

Page

Publish in Reports

Page

The same field across the Consortium

Page

Topics

16Connected

Where this page leads across the Consortium.

17Questions

Questions and answers.

Who publishes Payments and Market Infrastructure?
The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) publishes Payments and Market Infrastructure and is responsible for what it publishes. GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.
Is Payments and Market Infrastructure active?
Payments and Market Infrastructure is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
How can I contribute?
Start with the participation paths or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.
Where are findings published?
Reviewed outputs appear on the publications page, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.
Which values on this platform are real?
Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.
How do I report an error?
Use corrections and concerns, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.
Does GRA oversee payment systems?
No. Oversight belongs to central banks and financial supervisors. GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, introduce counterparties or take transaction-based pay, and readiness work is not approval.
Who is the platform for?
Payment-system researchers, financial market infrastructure professionals, settlement technologists, risk managers and policy analysts with an interest in operational resilience.
ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Global Risks AlliancePayments and Market InfrastructureStrategic SystemsScenario and Stress-Test

Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.

How it works

How Payments and Market Infrastructure works.

Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform’s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.

Process explorer · Payments and Market Infrastructure

How Payments and Market Infrastructure works

8 steps4 stages

Payments and Market Infrastructure

How Payments and Market Infrastructure works

Platforms · Programme year · Standards · Reports

A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.

  1. 01 Scope

    1. 01Field and familiesStart · The platform leadThe home states the field, its families and who it serves.
    2. 02Topic dossiersRecord · Platform authorsTopics explain the subject with labelled evidence.

  2. 02 Evidence

    1. 03Evidence labelsRecord · GCRIEach value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.
    2. 04MethodsStep · Method ownersMethods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.

  3. 03 Work

    1. 05Scenarios on the systemsModel · Foundry pillarScenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.
    2. 06Standards that applyRecord · Nexus StandardsThe platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.

  4. 04 Publish

    1. 07EditionsRecord · ReportsFindings are published through Reports with their limits.
    2. 08Authority decidesOutcome · The competent authorityDecisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.

Payments and Market Infrastructure home · Platforms · Shared methodsAn outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.

Take part

Take part in Payments and Market Infrastructure.

Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Payments and Market Infrastructure platform.

Route

National institutions

Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. National chapters

Route

Sectors and professions

Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Payments and Market Infrastructure. Participate

Route

Learning

Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. Open learning

Route

Standards

Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. Working groups

Route

Communities and research

Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. Write to the team

The Global Risks Index

Every figure on this page is indexed: hazards, climate, conflict, the world.

205 sources451 indicators905 hazards54 series195 country profiles

Values forming2026-10-23 · 22c6eed

Overview

  1. 01 · Sources205 registered sourcesEvery value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.Data and licences
  2. 02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 and NHS-1451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.Nexus Standards
  3. 03 · The Index54 series, 195 country profilesComputed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.Values formingThe Global Risks Index
  4. 04 · This pagePayments and Market InfrastructureMaps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of hazards, climate, conflict.Public API
Sources205registered, each with its licenceIndicators451NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indicesHazards905NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPsSeries54global, sector, strategic, technology, thematicCountry profiles195one site per country

Series in this context hazards, climate, conflict

All 54 series · The 20 domain indices

GRA

Series in this context

54
  1. GLBGlobal SystemsThe state of interdependent global risk: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap…NXS-GRX-AR-000002HAZCLICONSOCFOOWATHLTENEINFFISFINECOCYBTECENVDEMGOVCRSMACSPC
  2. TH-04Disaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)Signals, observations, event streams, geospatial layers and scenario packs turned into structured risk intelligence for preparedness and planning.NXS-GRX-AR-000111HAZCLICONHLT
  3. GS-10Global CitiesUrban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000068DEMHAZINFSOCCLI
  4. GS-07Global ClimateChronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.NXS-GRX-AR-000065CLIHAZENVENEFIN
  5. GS-01Global WaterAccess, scarcity, quality, floods and droughts, groundwater depletion, transboundary dependency and the couplings of water to energy, food, health and nature.NXS-GRX-AR-000059WATHAZCLIHLTFOOENEENV
  6. GS-02Global EnergySupply adequacy, import dependency, grid reliability, affordability, extreme-weather exposure, critical minerals and transition pathways.NXS-GRX-AR-000060ENEINFCLIECOCYBMAC
  7. GS-03Global Food and agrifoodAcute and chronic food insecurity, production shocks, import dependency, prices, fertiliser and logistics chokepoints, nutrition and pollination dependency.NXS-GRX-AR-000061FOOWATCLIECOCONSOCENV
  8. GS-04Global HealthHealth security capacity, epidemic emergence and spread, heat and air-quality burden, health system stress and access.NXS-GRX-AR-000062HLTSOCDEMWATCLICRS
  9. GS-05Global Finance and economyFiscal and public debt risk, financial stability, external dependence, inflation and growth at risk, and the macro-financial channels of physical and transition risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000063FISFINECOMACCLI
  10. GS-06Global DevelopmentPoverty, inequality, human development, demographic pressure and displacement as the ground on which shocks become losses.NXS-GRX-AR-000064SOCDEMMACHLTGOV
  11. GS-08Global DisasterMulti-hazard exposure, disaster losses and mortality, return-period losses, protection gaps and coping capacity.NXS-GRX-AR-000066HAZCRSINFSOCFIS
  12. GS-09Global InfrastructureInfrastructure fragility, service continuity, interdependency of power, water, transport and telecommunications, and investment exposure.NXS-GRX-AR-000067INFENECYBHAZWAT
  13. GS-11Global BiodiversityEnvironmental pressure, ecosystem condition, nature dependency of economies and the nature–climate–water–food feedbacks.NXS-GRX-AR-000069ENVCLIWATFOOECO
  14. GS-12Global Earth observationWhat Earth observation can and cannot see of risk: coverage, revisit, latency and the observing systems GRIx depends on.NXS-GRX-AR-000070HAZCLIENVSPCTEC
  15. GS-13Global Cyber and digitalCyber capability and threat exposure, digital dependency, connectivity resilience and the cyber-physical channels into essential services.NXS-GRX-AR-000071CYBTECINFGOV
  16. GS-14Global Policy and institutionsGovernance weakness, state capacity, rule of law, preparedness frameworks and the institutional ability to anticipate and adapt.NXS-GRX-AR-000072GOVCRSCON
  17. GS-15Global Science and engineeringThe scientific, engineering and data capacity societies need to measure, model and reduce risk, and its concentration.NXS-GRX-AR-000073TECSOCGOV
  18. SR-01Global PolycrisisHow crises become entangled: common causes, domino effects and feedbacks across climate, economy, health and security.NXS-GRX-AR-000074HAZCLICONFISFOOHLTECO
  19. SR-02Conflict, fragility and human securityConflict risk and escalation, fragility, organised violence, civilian harm and the conflict–climate–food–displacement nexus.NXS-GRX-AR-000075CONGOVDEMFOOSOC
  20. SR-03Supply chains, trade and chokepointsTrade concentration, maritime and overland chokepoints, input–output exposure and the propagation of supply shocks.NXS-GRX-AR-000076ECOINFENEFOOTEC
  21. SR-04MineralsCritical-mineral concentration, processing dependency, price and export-restriction risk, and the environmental and social footprint of extraction.NXS-GRX-AR-000077ECOTECENEENVGOV
  22. SR-05Fiscal resilienceFiscal space, debt sustainability signals, contingent liabilities from disasters, and pre-arranged finance.NXS-GRX-AR-000078FISMACFINHAZ
  23. SR-06Displacement and demographic changeForced displacement, migration pressure, ageing, youth bulges and urbanisation as risk multipliers.NXS-GRX-AR-000079DEMSOCCONCLI
  24. SR-07Food, water and energyThe food–water–energy nexus: shared stressors, trade-offs and joint failures.NXS-GRX-AR-000080FOOWATENECLI
  25. SR-08Financial contagion and systemic financeInterconnected exposures, sovereign–bank links, capital-flow reversals and contagion through financial networks.NXS-GRX-AR-000081FINFISECOMAC
  26. SR-09Planetary boundariesEarth-system boundaries and tipping elements as slow-onset, high-impact risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000082ENVCLIWATFOO
  27. SR-10Digital public infrastructureIdentity, payments and data-exchange infrastructure as public goods, and their concentration, cyber and continuity risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000083CYBTECGOVINF
  28. SR-11Information integrity and social cohesionInformation disorder, polarisation, trust and cohesion as amplifiers of every other risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000084GOVSOCCONCYB
  29. SR-12Health security and biosecurityPandemic and epidemic preparedness, antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic spillover and biosecurity controls, at public-safe level.NXS-GRX-AR-000085HLTENVCRSGOV
  30. SR-13Strategic technologyConcentration and control of strategic technologies, export controls and technological dependency.NXS-GRX-AR-000086TECECOCYB
  31. SR-14Global catastrophic and tail riskLow-probability, high-impact and global catastrophic risks: severe space weather, super-eruptions, engineered and natural pandemics, nuclear and frontier-technology failure modes, compound collapses.NXS-GRX-AR-000087SPCHAZHLTTECCON
  32. TH-01WEFH-B InterdependencyThe water, energy, food, health and biodiversity systems read together: drought to energy stress, energy disruption to health stress, biodiversity loss to food-system stress, flood to water contamination, heat to…NXS-GRX-AR-000108WATENEFOOHLTENV
  33. TH-02Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)Hazard, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, preparedness, redundancy and recovery readings for planning and learning, aligned to the Sendai Framework targets.NXS-GRX-AR-000109HAZCRSINFSOC
  34. TH-03Disaster Risk Finance (DRF)Loss sensitivity, protection gaps, contingent liabilities and the readiness questions for pre-arranged finance, insurance and risk transfer.NXS-GRX-AR-000110FISHAZFINCRS
  35. XT-01Artificial Intelligence and Agentic SystemsAI and agentic systems as physical infrastructure (compute, energy, water, materials and supply chains) and as a hazard source: failure, misuse, concentration and oversight gaps.NXS-GRX-AR-000088TECCYBENEWATGOV
  36. XT-02Cyber and cyber-physical systemsThreats to operational technology, industrial control and cyber-physical systems across energy, water, health, ports and logistics.NXS-GRX-AR-000089CYBINFENE
  37. XT-03Telecommunications, open radio networks and edgeTelecom resilience, open and AI-native radio access networks, private wireless, edge compute and spectrum constraints.NXS-GRX-AR-000090INFCYBTEC
  38. XT-04Sovereign compute, HPC and cloudCompute dependency and concentration, cloud and data-residency risk, accelerator supply and secure compute.NXS-GRX-AR-000091TECCYBENE
  39. XT-05Quantum-relevant securityCryptographic resilience and the migration to post-quantum cryptography across public and financial systems.NXS-GRX-AR-000092CYBTECFIN
  40. XT-06SemiconductorsSemiconductor supply concentration, fabrication chokepoints, materials and equipment dependency and export-control exposure.NXS-GRX-AR-000093TECECOINF
  41. XT-07Earth observation and space systemsDependency on satellites for navigation, communications and observation; orbital congestion, debris and space-weather exposure.NXS-GRX-AR-000094SPCTECINF
  42. XT-08Drones, robotics and autonomous systemsAutonomous and robotic systems in logistics, agriculture, industry and security: failure, misuse and safety oversight.NXS-GRX-AR-000095TECINFCON
  43. XT-09Sensors, IoT and industrial IoTConnected sensing and control across cities, utilities and industry: attack surface, data integrity and dependency.NXS-GRX-AR-000096CYBINFTEC
  44. XT-10Digital twins and simulationDigital twins and simulation used for risk decisions: model risk, validation and dependency.NXS-GRX-AR-000097TECGOV
  45. XT-11Digital identity and trustIdentity, authentication and trust infrastructure: exclusion, fraud, breach and concentration risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000098CYBGOVSOC
  46. XT-12Positioning, navigation and timingDependency of power, telecom, finance and transport on positioning and timing signals; jamming, spoofing and space weather.NXS-GRX-AR-000099SPCINFCYB
  47. XT-13Energy transition technologiesBatteries, hydrogen, grid storage, renewables and their supply chains, failure modes and transition risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000100ENETECECOCLI
  48. XT-14Software and supply-chain integrityOpen-source and commercial software dependencies, build integrity and provenance across critical systems.NXS-GRX-AR-000101CYBTEC
  49. XT-15Biotechnology and biosecurityBiotechnology capability and governance at public-safe level: laboratory biosafety, oversight and detection capacity; no capability information is published.NXS-GRX-AR-000102HLTTECGOV
  50. XT-16Advanced manufacturingAdvanced and additive manufacturing, industrial automation and their supply, cyber and labour risks.NXS-GRX-AR-000103TECECOCYB
  51. XT-17Distributed ledgers and decentralised infrastructureDistributed ledgers and decentralised physical infrastructure networks: operational, financial-stability and governance risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000104FINTECCYB
  52. XT-18Climate intervention technologiesCarbon removal and proposed climate interventions: physical, governance and termination risks, read from published assessments only.NXS-GRX-AR-000105CLIENVGOVTEC
  53. XT-19Neurotechnology and human augmentationNeurotechnology and augmentation: safety, privacy, equity and governance risks.NXS-GRX-AR-000106TECHLTGOV
  54. XT-20Converging technologiesRisks that emerge where frontier technologies combine (AI with biotechnology, autonomy with cyber, compute with energy) and outrun single-technology governance.NXS-GRX-AR-000107TECCYBHLTGOV

All 54 series · The 20 domain indices

Sources and licences

205
SourceOriginLicenceLegal statusCommercial use
OpenStreetMap building footprints and height tagsosm.vector.buildingswww.openstreetmap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenStreetMap planet extracts and minutely/hourly/daily replicationosm.planet.replicationplanet.openstreetmap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenFreeMap Liberty / planet vector tiles (OSM-derived style lineage; public host not used at runtime)osm.openfreemap.libertytiles.openfreemap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
VersaTiles OSM Shortbread vector tiles (OSM-derived COP catalog)osm.versatiles.shortbreadtiles.versatiles.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenFreeMap public instance (tiles.openfreemap.org) as the browser-direct vector basemap of the Risk Academy non-profit pagesosm.openfreemap.academy-publictiles.openfreemap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
VersaTiles public tile server (tiles.versatiles.org) as a browser-direct vector basemap of the Risk Academy non-profit pagesosm.versatiles.academy-publictiles.versatiles.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
OpenStreetMap Foundation vector tiles (vector.openstreetmap.org, Shortbread) on the Risk Academy non-profit pages, tiles onlyosm.osmf-vector.academy-publicvector.openstreetmap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
OpenAlex works API (api.openalex.org) as a live research source of the Risk Academy hubopenalex.academy-publicapi.openalex.orgCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Crossref REST API (api.crossref.org) as a live research source of the Risk Academy hubcrossref.academy-publicapi.crossref.orgLicenseRef-Crossref-Metadata-FactsAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Europe PMC RESTful web service (www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc) as a live research and preprint source of the Risk Academy hubeuropepmc.academy-publicwww.ebi.ac.ukLicenseRef-EMBL-EBI-Terms-of-UseAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GDELT DOC 2.0 API (api.gdeltproject.org) as a live news source of the Risk Academy hubgdelt.academy-publicapi.gdeltproject.orgLicenseRef-GDELT-Open-Use-With-CitationAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
ReliefWeb API v2 (api.reliefweb.int) as a live humanitarian source of the Risk Academy hub, once an appname is approvedreliefweb.academy-publicapi.reliefweb.intLicenseRef-ReliefWeb-TermsPROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
arXiv API (export.arxiv.org) metadata as a preprint source of the Risk Academy hub, through the relay or the daily snapshotarxiv.academy-publicexport.arxiv.orgCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Google News RSS search feeds (news.google.com/rss) as headline links on the Risk Academy hub, through the relay or the daily snapshotgoogle-news-rss.academy-publicnews.google.comLicenseRef-Google-News-Feed-Personal-Use-OnlyPROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (30 m global DSM), self-hosted Terrarium terrain archivecopernicus.dem.glo30registry.opendata.awsLicenseRef-Copernicus-DEMAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Sentinel-2 Level-2A surface reflectance COGs (AWS Open Data, Earth Search catalogue)copernicus.sentinel2.l2a.cogsregistry.opendata.awsLicenseRef-Copernicus-Sentinel-DataAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / GLO-90 COGs read on demand by nexus-rastercopernicus.dem.glo30.cogsregistry.opendata.awsLicenseRef-Copernicus-DEMAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
ESA WorldCover 10 m land cover (2020 / 2021) COGsesa.worldcover.10mregistry.opendata.awsCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
UNDRR-ISC Hazard Definition & Classification Review, 2025 Update of the Technical Report (Hazard Information Profiles classification, identifiers and multi-hazard method)undrr-isc.hip-classification.2025doi.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Natural Earth 1:110m Admin 0 Countries (bundled same-origin GeoJSON)naturalearth.admin0.110mwww.naturalearthdata.comLicenseRef-Public-Domain-Natural-EarthAPPROVEDALLOWED
geoBoundaries gbOpen administrative boundaries API (ADM0-ADM5)geoboundaries.gbopenwww.geoboundaries.orgPer-boundary source licence (boundaryLicense), admitted per country by the boundary licence gateAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
ohsome OSM history API (operator-bound only)osm.history.ohsomeapi.ohsome.orgODbL-1.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Nexus self-hosted OpenStreetMap planet basemap (Planetiler OpenMapTiles profile, PMTiles)osm.planet.omt.self-hostedplanet.openstreetmap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenStreetMap Overpass API (bounded investigation / gap-fill)osm.overpasswiki.openstreetmap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenStreetMap planet on the Nexus self-hosted Overpass engine (clone + minute replication)osm.overpass.self-hosted-planetplanet.openstreetmap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenStreetMap regional extracts (Geofabrik download server) for bounded engine buildsosm.geofabric.regional-extractsdownload.geofabrik.deODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Overture Maps buildings theme (GeoParquet)overture.buildingsdocs.overturemaps.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Overture Maps places theme (GeoParquet, read in place)overture.placesdocs.overturemaps.orgCDLA-Permissive-2.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
City of Toronto Open Data asset registers (facilities, infrastructure and heritage datasets)toronto.open-data.asset-registersopen.toronto.caOpen Government Licence – Toronto (based on version 1.0 of the Open Government Licence – Ontario); not yet reviewedLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Ontario Data Catalogue asset registers (provincial facilities and infrastructure datasets)ontario.data-catalogue.asset-registersdata.ontario.caOpen Government Licence – Ontario; not yet reviewedLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GlobalBuildingAtlas ODbL building polygons (OSM + Microsoft), research isolatedgba.odbl.polygonhuggingface.coODbL-1.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
GlobalBuildingAtlas non-ODbL polygons (Google Open Buildings, CLSM, PSR-derived)gba.bync.polygonhuggingface.coCC-BY-NC-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
GlobalBuildingAtlas LoD1 JSON linking polygons to height/variancegba.bync.lod1huggingface.coCC-BY-NC-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
GlobalBuildingAtlas 3 m building height GeoTIFF (GBA.Height)gba.bync.heightmediatum.ub.tum.deCC-BY-NC-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
GlobalBuildingAtlas generation software (im2bf, im2bh, produce_lod1)gba.generation.codegithub.comMIT-with-Commons-ClausePROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
AlphaEarth Foundations Satellite Embedding dataset (annual, 64-band, 10 m)alphaearth.satellite-embedding.annualdevelopers.google.comLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
geoBoundaries gbOpen ADM0 to ADM5 boundaries (William & Mary geoLab)geoboundaries.gbopen.admwww.geoboundaries.orgNOASSERTIONAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
UN OCHA Common Operational Datasets, Administrative Boundaries (COD-AB, P-codes) on HDXocha.cod-abdata.humdata.orgPer-country licence published on HDX (license_id), admitted per country by the boundary licence gateAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
UN Second Administrative Level Boundaries (SALB), UN Geospatial / UN Statistics Divisionun.salb.admsalb.un.org
SALB Terms of Use (2021). Copyright vested in the United Nations; "The SALB Data may be used…SALB Terms of Use (2021). Copyright vested in the United Nations; "The SALB Data may be used for only non-commercial purposes"; users are prohibited from changing the geometry or content without consent of the Contributor; derived products must credit "from SALB Data, United Nations" and the Contributor; access is revocable and non-transferable.
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
UN Geodata country boundaries (UN Geospatial BNDA, the basis of the UN Clear Map)un.geodata.bndawww.un.org
Terms of Use of the UN Geodata: designed for the production of maps for the UN Secretariat;…Terms of Use of the UN Geodata: designed for the production of maps for the UN Secretariat; Outside Users may use the Data only for the purpose identified by the Geospatial Information Section; "Under no circumstances may the Data be used for commercial purposes"; the UN must be recognised as the source unless the data is altered or combined.
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
U.S. Census Bureau TIGERweb States and Counties (TIGER/Line geography)us.census.tigerweb.admtigerweb.geo.census.govLicenseRef-US-Government-WorkLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Statistics Canada 2021 Census Cartographic Boundary Files (provinces and territories, census divisions, census subdivisions)ca.statcan.boundary-filesgeo.statcan.gc.ca
Open Government Licence - Canada, version 2.0 (open.canada.ca record "2021 Census - Boundary…Open Government Licence - Canada, version 2.0 (open.canada.ca record "2021 Census - Boundary files", license_id ca-ogl-lgo; the service description states "Use Limitation: Open Government Licence - Canada"). Worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, non-exclusive licence to copy, modify, publish, translate, adapt, distribute or otherwise use the Information, including for commercial purposes, on condition that the source is acknowledged ("Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada") and no official status or endorsement is implied. Approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-goc-ogl-canada-boundaries).
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
INSPIRE Administrative Units (EU Member State national mapping and cadastral agencies)eu.inspire.auinspire.ec.europa.eu
Set per Member State dataset (no single licence). Each national dataset needs its own licence…Set per Member State dataset (no single licence). Each national dataset needs its own licence check before it can be admitted.
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
ISO 3166-1 country codes and ISO 3166-2 subdivision codes (International Organization for Standardization)iso.3166www.iso.org
ISO copyright. ISO's help centre: purchased Country Codes "can be downloaded to your database…ISO copyright. ISO's help centre: purchased Country Codes "can be downloaded to your database and used in order to implement the standard ISO 3166. However, selling them to others and further reproduction is not permitted."
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Unicode CLDR subdivision ids and names (ISO 3166-2 based)unicode.cldr.subdivisionsgithub.comUnicode-3.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
UN Statistics Division, Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)unsd.m49unstats.un.orgUnited Nations terms of use (code list; attribution)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GADM database of Global Administrative Areasgadm.boundariesgadm.orgGADM licence (free for academic and other non-commercial use; commercial use not allowed without permission)PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
World Bank Open Data (Indicators API v2, World Development Indicators and other catalogue datasets)worldbank.open-dataapi.worldbank.orgCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Eurostat dissemination API (SDMX 2.1 / JSON-stat statistics)eurostat.disseminationec.europa.euCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
OECD Data Explorer SDMX APIoecd.data-explorersdmx.oecd.orgCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
UNdata (United Nations Statistics Division data portal)un.datadata.un.orgUNdata terms of use (free of charge; may be copied and redistributed provided UNdata is cited as the reference)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GBIF occurrence API and downloads (Global Biodiversity Information Facility)gbif.occurrenceapi.gbif.orgPer-dataset CC0 1.0, CC BY 4.0 or CC BY-NC 4.0 (set by each data publisher)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
ERA5 reanalysis via the Copernicus Climate Data Store (C3S / ECMWF)ecmwf.era5.cdscds.climate.copernicus.euCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA NWS National Hurricane Center active storms, forecast tracks and cones (Atlantic, East and Central Pacific)noaa.nhc.tropical-cycloneswww.nhc.noaa.gov
U.S. Government work (NOAA NWS National Hurricane Center), public domain per the NHC…U.S. Government work (NOAA NWS National Hurricane Center), public domain per the NHC disclaimer; approved by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-noaa-nhc-nws-spc)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA NCEI Access Data Service (climate observations and archives)noaa.ncei.accesswww.ncei.noaa.govU.S. Government work (public domain) except datasets that carry their own restrictions (e.g. some non-U.S. station data)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
NASA Earthdata Common Metadata Repository (CMR) searchnasa.earthdata.cmrcmr.earthdata.nasa.govNASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Alaska Satellite Facility DAAC (ASF) data pool downloadsnasa.earthdata.daac.asfasf.alaska.edu
NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as…NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Land Processes DAAC (LP DAAC, USGS EROS) on-premises data pool downloadsnasa.earthdata.daac.lpdaaclpdaac.usgs.gov
NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as…NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC (NSIDC) downloadsnasa.earthdata.daac.nsidcnsidc.org
NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as…NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC (ORNL DAAC) downloadsnasa.earthdata.daac.ornldaac.ornl.gov
NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as…NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC, JPL) tool and OPeNDAP hostsnasa.earthdata.daac.podaacpodaac.jpl.nasa.gov
NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as…NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) on-premises hostsnasa.earthdata.daac.gesdiscdisc.gsfc.nasa.gov
NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as…NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
EM-DAT international disaster database (CRED, UCLouvain)emdat.credwww.emdat.beEM-DAT terms of use (registration required; free for non-commercial use; commercial use needs a CRED licence)PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
NOAA National Weather Service API active alerts (CAP v1.2 as GeoJSON)noaa.nws.alertsapi.weather.gov
U.S. Government work (NOAA National Weather Service), public domain per the NWS disclaimer;…U.S. Government work (NOAA National Weather Service), public domain per the NWS disclaimer; approved by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-noaa-nhc-nws-spc)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA National Weather Service API points metadata and gridpoint forecastsnoaa.nws.pointsapi.weather.gov
U.S. Government work (NOAA National Weather Service), public domain per the NWS disclaimer;…U.S. Government work (NOAA National Weather Service), public domain per the NWS disclaimer; approved by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-noaa-nhc-nws-spc)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA NWS Storm Prediction Center convective outlooks (GeoJSON) and preliminary storm reports (CSV)noaa.spc.productswww.spc.noaa.gov
U.S. Government work (NOAA NWS Storm Prediction Center), public domain per the NWS disclaimer;…U.S. Government work (NOAA NWS Storm Prediction Center), public domain per the NWS disclaimer; approved by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-noaa-nhc-nws-spc)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
MET Norway Locationforecast 2.0 (api.met.no point forecasts)metno.locationforecastapi.met.noCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET) v3 eventsnasa.eonet.eventseonet.gsfc.nasa.gov
NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; acknowledgement…NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; acknowledgement requested); EONET metadata is subject to the EONET disclaimer; event source links keep their own terms; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-open-weather-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) Open Data server (opendata.dwd.de)dwd.opendataopendata.dwd.deCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Environment and Climate Change Canada MSC GeoMet (OGC API / WMS) and MSC Datamarteccc.geometapi.weather.gc.ca
Environment and Climate Change Canada Data Servers End-use Licence (the licence page does not…Environment and Climate Change Canada Data Servers End-use Licence (the licence page does not name the Open Government Licence - Canada); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-open-weather-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
ECMWF open data (IFS and AIFS real-time forecasts)ecmwf.open-datadata.ecmwf.intCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Copernicus Emergency Management Service rapid mapping activations and productscopernicus.ems.rapid-mappingrapidmapping.emergency.copernicus.eu
Copernicus free, full and open data policy (Delegated Regulation (EU) 1159/2013, Regulation…Copernicus free, full and open data policy (Delegated Regulation (EU) 1159/2013, Regulation (EU) 377/2014; the EMS terms page now cites Regulation (EU) 2021/696); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
GloFAS global flood forecasts and reanalysis (CEMS-Floods, Early Warning Data Store)copernicus.glofasewds.climate.copernicus.eu
CEMS-FLOODS datasets licence (rev. 1); approved with conditions by the repository owner on…CEMS-FLOODS datasets licence (rev. 1); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
JRC global river flood hazard maps (flood depth by return period, European Commission JRC)jrc.global-river-flood-hazard-mapsdata.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Not recorded in the repository; the release-specific terms (JRC Data Catalogue record or the…Not recorded in the repository; the release-specific terms (JRC Data Catalogue record or the CEMS-Floods distribution) must be confirmed by Legal/IP per release
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
WRI Aqueduct Floods hazard maps (riverine and coastal inundation depth by return period and scenario)wri.aqueduct-floodswww.wri.orgNot recorded in the repository; WRI dataset terms for the Aqueduct Floods release must be confirmed by Legal/IPLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
WRI Aqueduct 4.0 Water Risk Atlas indicators (baseline water stress and related sub-basin indicators; baseline and SSP projections)wri.aqueduct-4.0-water-risk-atlaswww.wri.org
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International as stated in the Aqueduct FAQ…Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International as stated in the Aqueduct FAQ (https://www.wri.org/aqueduct/faq, retrieved 2026-10-12: the Aqueduct 4.0 database is licensed under the "Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License"); the data page lists only "Creative Commons". Not confirmed by Legal/IP
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (WDPCA, formerly WDPA) via Protected Planet (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN)unep-wcmc.wdpawww.protectedplanet.net
Protected Planet terms of use (https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/legal, retrieved 2026-10-12):…Protected Planet terms of use (https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/legal, retrieved 2026-10-12): the materials and derived works may not be put to Commercial Use without the prior written permission of UNEP-WCMC (commercial use covers use by, for or to inform a for-profit entity and revenue generation by individuals or non-profits; UNEP-WCMC decides what is commercial; commercial users are referred to IBAT); no redistribution or sub-licensing of the data, including within derived works, without permission
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas (BirdLife International on behalf of the KBA Partnership)birdlife.kbawww.keybiodiversityareas.org
KBA terms of service (https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/termsofservice, retrieved…KBA terms of service (https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/termsofservice, retrieved 2026-10-12): KBA data may not be used for Commercial Use (use by, on behalf of, or to inform or assist a commercial entity, or revenue generation by individuals or non-profits) without the prior written approval of the KBA Secretariat; KBA Partners license commercial use through IBAT; no reposting, sublicensing, resale or redistribution, including within derivative works, without written permission; non-commercial conservation, education, scientific analysis and research use permitted without prior permission
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (UC Santa Barbara Climate Hazards Center)ucsb-chc.chirpswww.chc.ucsb.edu
Copyright waiver stated on https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps (retrieved 2026-10-12): "To the…Copyright waiver stated on https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps (retrieved 2026-10-12): "To the extent possible under the law, Pete Peterson has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to CHIRPS. CHIRPS data is in the public domain as registered with Creative Commons." (a CC0-style waiver; SPDX identifier not confirmed by Legal/IP)
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GEM Global Seismic Hazard Map (PGA for a stated probability of exceedance, Global Earthquake Model Foundation)gem.global-seismic-hazard-mapwww.globalquakemodel.org
Not recorded in the repository; the plan records GEM hazard products as expected non-commercial…Not recorded in the repository; the plan records GEM hazard products as expected non-commercial (human gate G2); terms must be confirmed by Legal/IP
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
NOAA Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor System (MRMS) on AWS (NOAA Open Data Dissemination)noaa.mrms.awsnoaa-mrms-pds.s3.amazonaws.com
U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can…U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can be used as desired"); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA GOES-16/18/19 ABI and GLM on AWS (NOAA Open Data Dissemination)noaa.goes.awsnoaa-goes19.s3.amazonaws.com
U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can…U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can be used as desired"); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) on AWS (NOAA Open Data Dissemination)noaa.hrrr.awsnoaa-hrrr-bdp-pds.s3.amazonaws.com
U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can…U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can be used as desired"); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
WMO Alert Hub / Register of Alerting Authorities CAP official alertswmo.cap.alert-hubalertingauthority.wmo.int
WMO Unified Data Policy (Resolution 1, Cg-Ext(2021)), free and unrestricted exchange, plus each…WMO Unified Data Policy (Resolution 1, Cg-Ext(2021)), free and unrestricted exchange, plus each issuing alerting authority's own terms; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
USGS Water Data APIs (NWIS instantaneous and daily values, OGC API)usgs.waterdataapi.waterdata.usgs.gov
U.S. Public Domain (USGS information policy); approved with conditions by the repository owner…U.S. Public Domain (USGS information policy); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL, European Commission JRC)jrc.ghsljeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.euCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
WorldPop gridded population and REST API (University of Southampton)worldpop.populationhub.worldpop.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
INFORM Risk Index (European Commission JRC, Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre)jrc.inform.riskdrmkc.jrc.ec.europa.euCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Statistics Canada Web Data Service (WDS) and 2021 Census Profile (SDMX API, CSD / DA level)statcan.wds-censuswww150.statcan.gc.ca
Statistics Canada Open Licence (statcan.gc.ca/en/terms-conditions/open-licence, date modified…Statistics Canada Open Licence (statcan.gc.ca/en/terms-conditions/open-licence, date modified 2025-07-10; no version number stated)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NRCan CanElevation High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (HRDEM, DTM / DSM; STAC and GeoTIFF)nrcan.canelevation.hrdemdatacube.services.geo.caOpen Government Licence - Canada 2.0 (stated on the open.canada.ca dataset record 957782bf-847c-4644-a757-e383c0057995)APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NRCan Flood Hazard Identification and Mapping Program (FHIMP) flood hazard datanrcan.flood-hazard-mappingnatural-resources.canada.ca
Not stated on the FHIMP programme page (retrieved 2026-10-11); NRCan open.canada.ca records use…Not stated on the FHIMP programme page (retrieved 2026-10-11); NRCan open.canada.ca records use the Open Government Licence - Canada 2.0, but provincial and municipal flood maps produced with FHIMP funding may carry their own licences. Per-dataset check required.
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
City of Toronto Open Data portal (CKAN API)toronto.open-datackan0.cf.opendata.inter.prod-toronto.caOpen Government Licence - Toronto 1.0 (open.toronto.ca/open-data-licence, retrieved 2026-10-11)APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Ontario Data Catalogue (data.ontario.ca, CKAN API)ontario.data-cataloguedata.ontario.caOpen Government Licence - Ontario 1.0 (ontario.ca/page/open-government-licence-ontario, retrieved 2026-10-11)APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenStreetMap Foundation standard tile server, BLOCKED for Nexusosm.tiles.osmf-standardoperations.osmfoundation.orgODbL-1.0PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
OpenStreetMap US community tile service (default tiles of the OSM Americana style), BLOCKED for Nexusosm-us.tile-servicetiles.openstreetmap.usODbL-1.0PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
OSM Americana map style (CC0 style code, drawn on the self-hosted OpenMapTiles archive)osm.americana.stylegithub.comCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenMapTiles vector tile schema and cartographic designopenmaptiles.schemagithub.comCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Shortbread vector tile schema (VersaTiles basemap schema)shortbread.schemashortbread-tiles.orgCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Protomaps basemap daily planet builds (PMTiles, ODbL produced work), copied to Nexus storageprotomaps.basemap.daily-buildsmaps.protomaps.comODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Protomaps hosted Tile API, BLOCKED (commercial use requires paid sponsorship)protomaps.api.hostedprotomaps.comODbL-1.0PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
MapLibre demo tiles and style, BLOCKED (demo / CI set containing CC BY-NC-SA imagery)maplibre.demotilesgithub.comLicenseRef-Mixed-Including-CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
Overture Maps base theme (land, water, land use, infrastructure; GeoParquet, ODbL family)overture.basedocs.overturemaps.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Overture Maps transportation theme (segments, connectors; GeoParquet, ODbL family)overture.transportationdocs.overturemaps.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Overture Maps divisions theme (administrative divisions and boundaries; GeoParquet, ODbL family)overture.divisionsdocs.overturemaps.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Overture Maps addresses theme, BLOCKED until a per-source licence gate existsoverture.addressesdocs.overturemaps.orgPer-source ("All carry permissive open licenses. Some have special terms or require attribution."); not uniformLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Overture official PMTiles (overturemaps-extras bucket), BLOCKED for production by the publisheroverture.pmtiles.inspectiondocs.overturemaps.orgLicenseRef-Overture-Per-ThemePROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
Natural Earth vector and raster data, all scales (1:10m, 1:50m, 1:110m), bundled same-originnaturalearth.all-scaleswww.naturalearthdata.comLicenseRef-Public-Domain-Natural-EarthAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Microsoft Global ML Building Footprints (permissive family)microsoft.global-ml-building-footprintsgithub.comCDLA-Permissive-2.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Google Open Buildings v3 polygons (used under CC BY 4.0, permissive family)google.open-buildings.v3sites.research.googleCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Google Open Buildings 2.5D Temporal dataset, BLOCKED (licence not stated on the retrieved page)google.open-buildings.temporalsites.research.googleLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GEBCO global bathymetric grid (self-hosted bathymetry / hillshade tiles)gebco.gridwww.gebco.netLicenseRef-Public-Domain-GEBCOAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenAerialMap / Open Imagery Network imagery (per-image COGs, CC BY 4.0)openaerialmap.oinopenaerialmap.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
EOxCloudless / Sentinel-2 cloudless mosaics (all years), BLOCKED (commercial use needs an EOX licence)eox.sentinel2-cloudlesscloudless.eox.atLicenseRef-EOX-Commercial-Attribution-RestrictedUse-1.2PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
Mapzen / AWS Terrain Tiles (Terrarium, multi-source), BLOCKED (EU-DEM component licence not stated)aws.terrain-tiles.mapzenregistry.opendata.awsLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
OpenSeaMap seamark chart tiles, BLOCKED (no tile usage policy published; render seamarks from the OSM planet instead)openseamap.chart-tileswiki.openstreetmap.orgCC-BY-SA-2.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
OpenRailwayMap tile servers, BLOCKED for for-profit use by the operatoropenrailwaymap.tileswiki.openstreetmap.orgCC-BY-SA-2.0PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
Wikimedia Maps tile service, BLOCKED (Wikimedia projects only)wikimedia.maps.tilesfoundation.wikimedia.orgODbL-1.0PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
Who's On First gazetteer, BLOCKED until a per-source licence gate existswhosonfirst.gazetteerwhosonfirst.org
Per-source (CC BY 2.5 / 3.0 / 4.0, CC0, MPL-2.0, Open Government Licences, custom terms, some…Per-source (CC BY 2.5 / 3.0 / 4.0, CC0, MPL-2.0, Open Government Licences, custom terms, some sources with no licence link)
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
OpenAddresses aggregated address data, BLOCKED until a per-source licence gate existsopenaddresses.globalgithub.comPer-source; the data "is not relicensed from the original sources" and "Individual sources will have their own licenses"LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GeoNames gazetteer (daily dumps, self-hosted)geonames.gazetteerwww.geonames.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
USGS The National Map basemap services and data (US public domain)usgs.national-mapwww.usgs.govLicenseRef-US-Public-DomainAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Copernicus Land Monitoring Service products (CORINE, high-resolution layers, global land products)copernicus.clms.landland.copernicus.euLicenseRef-Copernicus-Data-PolicyAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
IMF data services (DataMapper, SDMX: WEO/IFS)imf.datadata.imf.org"IMF terms — attribution required" (adapter string; terms version not recorded)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
WHO Global Health Observatory (OData API)who.ghowww.who.int"WHO CC BY-NC-SA / terms" (adapter string; not verified)PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
FAOSTAT statistical databasefao.faostatwww.fao.org
CC BY 4.0 unless the dataset metadata states otherwise; third-party series excluded (FAO…CC BY 4.0 unless the dataset metadata states otherwise; third-party series excluded (FAO database terms of use, https://www.fao.org/contact-us/terms/db-terms-of-use/en/, read 2026-10-19); the earlier adapter string read CC BY-NC-SA
PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED
UNHCR Refugee Data Finder APIunhcr.refugee-statisticswww.unhcr.org"CC BY 4.0" (adapter string; not verified)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
ACLED Armed Conflict Location & Event Dataacled.eventsacleddata.com
ACLED End User License Agreement (EULA), "Last Updated 8 July 2025" (retrieved 2026-10-12; not…ACLED End User License Agreement (EULA), "Last Updated 8 July 2025" (retrieved 2026-10-12; not an open licence and not yet reviewed by Legal/IP)
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset (GED) and Candidate Events (Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Uppsala University)ucdp.geducdp.uu.seCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
DesInventar disaster loss databases (UNDRR)undrr.desinventarwww.desinventar.net"DesInventar / UNDRR terms / fixture metadata" (connector string)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classificationipc.classificationwww.ipcinfo.org"IPC public" (connector string; terms not recorded)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network datafewsnet.datafews.net"FEWS NET terms / fixture metadata" (connector string)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
NGFS climate scenarios (IIASA NGFS Scenario Explorer)ngfs.scenariosdata.ece.iiasa.ac.atNot recorded in the repository; scenario-explorer terms must be recorded by Legal/IP per phaseLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
JRC global flood depth-damage functions (Huizinga, de Moel, Szewczyk 2017, EUR 28552 EN)jrc.global-flood-depth-damagepublications.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Not recorded in the repository; the report and its database are JRC publications whose reuse…Not recorded in the repository; the report and its database are JRC publications whose reuse terms (EC legal notice or a dataset-specific licence) must be confirmed by Legal/IP
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 5 (ISIC Rev.5), United Nations Statistics Divisionun.isic-rev5unstats.un.org
United Nations publication; reuse terms not recorded in the repository. The UN website terms of…United Nations publication; reuse terms not recorded in the repository. The UN website terms of use page (un.org) could not be retrieved when this row was written (HTTP 403), so no licence text was read. Legal/IP must record the UN terms of use and any ISIC-specific copyright statement
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Earth Index embeddings (Earth Genome; SoftCon, 384-d, Sentinel-2 annual mosaics, GeoParquet points)earthgenome.earth-index.embeddingssource.coopCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Panoramax street-level pictures (federated instances; per-picture licence)panoramax.street-level.picturesapi.panoramax.xyzPer picture as stated by the originating instance (etalab-2.0 or CC-BY-SA-4.0 observed 2026-10-12)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Mapillary street-level images (Graph API v4)mapillary.street-level.imageswww.mapillary.comCC-BY-SA-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
NASA ICESat-2 ATLAS products ATL03, ATL06 and ATL08 (NSIDC DAAC)nasa.icesat2.atlasnsidc.orgNASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
NASA GEDI footprint products L2A, L2B (LP DAAC) and L4A (ORNL DAAC)nasa.gedi.footprintsgedi.umd.eduNASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
NOAA GFS forecast (global 0.25 degree, 0-16 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.2.7)dynamical.noaa-gfs-forecastdynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA GFS analysis (global 0.25 degree, hourly) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.0)dynamical.noaa-gfs-analysisdynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA GEFS ensemble forecast (global, 31 members, 0-35 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.2.0)dynamical.noaa-gefs-forecast-35-daydynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA GEFS analysis (global 0.25 degree) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.2)dynamical.noaa-gefs-analysisdynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA HRRR forecast (CONUS 3 km, 0-48 hour) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.0)dynamical.noaa-hrrr-forecast-48-hourdynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA HRRR analysis (CONUS 3 km, hourly) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.2.0)dynamical.noaa-hrrr-analysisdynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA MRMS CONUS hourly precipitation analysis (0.01 degree) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.3.0)dynamical.noaa-mrms-conus-analysis-hourlydynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
ECMWF IFS ENS forecast (global 0.25 degree, 51 members, 0-15 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.0)dynamical.ecmwf-ifs-ens-forecast-15-day-0-25-degreedynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
ECMWF AIFS Single forecast (global 0.25 degree, 0-15 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.0)dynamical.ecmwf-aifs-single-forecastdynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
DWD ICON-EU forecast (Europe, 0-5 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.2.0)dynamical.dwd-icon-eu-forecast-5-daydynamical.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
CelesTrak GP orbital element sets (OMM JSON) for the Maps satellite layercelestrak.gp.elementscelestrak.orgCelesTrak usage policy (free public GP data; attribution to CelesTrak; one download per group per 2-hour update cycle)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
SGP4 verification element sets and reference states (Vallado, Crawford, Hujsak, Kelso, AIAA 2006-6753)aiaa-2006-6753.sgp4-verificationcelestrak.orgPublished verification data accompanying the AIAA 2006-6753 paper; no explicit licence statedLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program GeoJSON summary feeds for the Maps live earthquake layerusgs.earthquake.summary-feedsearthquake.usgs.gov
U.S. Government work (public domain); USGS asks that it be acknowledged as the source; approved…U.S. Government work (public domain); USGS asks that it be acknowledged as the source; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-20 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-20-owner-hex-coherence, adopting the KEEP decision in docs/legal/LICENCE_DECISIONS_AND_AUDIT_2026-10-19.md)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
USGS ShakeMap event products (grid.xml MMI / PGA grid and MMI contours) for live event response and exposure accumulationusgs.shakemap.event-productsearthquake.usgs.gov
U.S. Government work (public domain); USGS asks that it be acknowledged as the source; approved…U.S. Government work (public domain); USGS asks that it be acknowledged as the source; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-16 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-16-owner-hex-integrations)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NOAA NHC / CPHC tropical cyclone advisory GIS (active storms, wind swath, forecast wind radii, forecast cone) for live event responsenoaa.nhc.advisory-giswww.nhc.noaa.gov
U.S. Government work (NOAA/NWS), public domain; not to be modified and presented as official…U.S. Government work (NOAA/NWS), public domain; not to be modified and presented as official government material; no endorsement implied; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-16 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-16-owner-hex-integrations)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NASA FIRMS near-real-time active fire detections (area API, VIIRS / MODIS) for the Maps live fire layernasa.firms.area-active-firesfirms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov
NASA Earth science data and information policy (no restriction on use; citation requested);…NASA Earth science data and information policy (no restriction on use; citation requested); FIRMS transaction limits per MAP_KEY
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GTFS-Realtime vehicle positions from feeds registered by an administrator (per agency) for the Maps transit layergtfs-rt.tenant-registered-vehicle-positionsgtfs.orgPer agency feed licence (recorded in the Geo Provider Registry licence acknowledgement note for each feed)LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Fintraffic Digitraffic marine AIS positions and vessel metadata (Finnish AIS reporting area) for the Maps live vessel layerfintraffic.digitraffic.marine-aiswww.digitraffic.fiCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Fintraffic Digitraffic road weather camera stations and preset images for the Maps live traffic camera layerfintraffic.digitraffic.road-weathercamwww.digitraffic.fiCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
IGN LiDAR HD classified point clouds (France; COPC LAZ, Lambert-93, IGN69 heights)ign.lidar-hd.point-cloudswww.data.gouv.fretalab-2.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
USGS 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) LiDAR as Entwine Point Tiles (AWS Open Data, usgs-lidar-public)usgs.3dep.eptregistry.opendata.awsLicenseRef-US-Government-Public-DomainLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland AHN5 point clouds (LAZ per map sheet, RD New + NAP, EPSG:7415)ahn.ahn5.point-cloudswww.ahn.nlCC0-1.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Fields of the World global field boundaries (PRUE model predictions on Sentinel-2, GeoParquet partitioned by country)ftw.global-field-boundariessource.coopCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Public GIS portal directory (US federal, 50 states + DC, cities, counties, regional bodies; HUB Ocean Ocean Data Platform)gis-portal-directoryplatform/source-registry/gis-portal-directory.yamlNOASSERTIONLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
GTFS Schedule (static) transit feeds uploaded by a workspace or read from a registered agency feed URL, for the transit feed registry and transit plansgtfs-static.tenant-registered-schedule-feedsgtfs.org
Per agency feed licence, declared by the registering tenant per feed version (SPDX id or terms…Per agency feed licence, declared by the registering tenant per feed version (SPDX id or terms URL) and recorded with its attribution text
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Open-Meteo weather and flood API data (forecast, archived forecasts, GloFAS river discharge)open-meteo.weather-flood-dataopen-meteo.comCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSPROHIBITED
NASA GIBS WMTS imagery (EPSG:4326) for the Water Nexus mapnasa.gibs.water-layersgibs.earthdata.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
GPM IMERG precipitation rate (daily and half-hourly, near real time) via NASA GIBSnasa.gpm.imerggpm.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
VIIRS near-real-time products via NASA GIBS: Global Flood Product (3-day), land surface temperature, NDSI snow cover, corrected reflectancenasa.lance.viirs-waterwww.earthdata.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
SMAP Level 4 analysed soil moisture (surface, root zone) and snow mass via NASA GIBSnasa.smap.l4nsidc.orgCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
GHRSST MUR sea surface temperature anomaly (MUR25) and sea ice concentration (MUR) via NASA GIBSnasa.podaac.ghrsst-murpodaac.jpl.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
GRACE and GRACE-FO JPL mascon liquid water equivalent thickness anomaly (monthly) via NASA GIBSnasa.podaac.grace-fo-mascongrace.jpl.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
GLDAS Noah land surface model underground soil moisture (monthly) via NASA GIBSnasa.gesdisc.gldasldas.gsfc.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NASA Blue Marble shaded relief and bathymetry (static composite) via NASA GIBSnasa.earth-observatory.blue-marbleearthobservatory.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003 greyscale shaded relief via NASA GIBSnasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3doi.orgCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NASA GIBS WMTS imagery (EPSG:4326) for the Energy, Food, Health and Biodiversity Nexus mapsnasa.gibs.field-layersgibs.earthdata.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NASA GIBS reference layers (Coastlines, Reference_Features, Reference_Labels), OpenStreetMap-derived, EPSG:3857nasa.gibs.reference-osmgibs.earthdata.nasa.govODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights (daily VNP46A2 gap-filled radiance; 2016 composite) via NASA GIBSnasa.laads.black-marbleblackmarble.gsfc.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
FIRMS VIIRS 375 m active fires and thermal anomalies (near real time, vector tiles) via NASA GIBSnasa.lance.firmsfirms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
MERRA-2 reanalysis monthly incident shortwave over land and dust surface PM2.5 via NASA GIBSnasa.gmao.merra2gmao.gsfc.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products (aerosol optical depth, cloud fraction) via NASA GIBSnasa.modis-viirs.atmospherewww.earthdata.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
MODIS land products (NDVI, EVI, gross primary production, IGBP land cover) via NASA GIBSnasa.modis-viirs.landlpdaac.usgs.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OMI tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP) via NASA GIBSnasa.gesdisc.aura-omi-ompsdisc.gsfc.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
MODIS Aqua ocean colour chlorophyll-a (Level 2) via NASA GIBSnasa.obdaac.ocean-coloroceancolor.gsfc.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
WRI Global Power Plant Database v1.3.0 (2021) for the Energy Nexus mapwri.global-power-plant-databasedatasets.wri.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water risk (2023 release) summarised to hexagons for the Water and Food Nexus mapswri.aqueduct-4www.wri.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
SEDAC Gridded Population of the World v4.11 population density (2020) via NASA GIBS for the Health Nexus mapsedac.gpw-v4doi.orgCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NASA GIBS WMTS imagery (EPSG:3857) for the live, observed and reference layers of the public context mapsnasa.gibs.context-live-layersgibs.earthdata.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NASA SEDAC settlement and urban heat layers via NASA GIBS (HBASE 2010, urban expansion to 2030, urban heat island 2013)sedac.context-urban-layersgibs.earthdata.nasa.govCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenStreetMap-derived place names and borders rendered by NASA GIBS (Reference_Labels_15m)osm.gibs-reference-labelsgibs.earthdata.nasa.govODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Open-Meteo free API on the three non-profit public sites (forecast ensemble, air quality, flood, marine, ERA5 archive)open-meteo.public-pagesopen-meteo.comCC-BY-4.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSPROHIBITED
NASA POWER daily point meteorology and solar data (public context maps)nasa.powerpower.larc.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalogue (JSON and CSV feeds) for the Technology and Digital Systems faculty incident timelinecisa.kev-cataloguewww.cisa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map geocoded cable and landing-station data (not licensed; recorded so it is not used by accident)telegeography.submarine-cable-mapwww.submarinecablemap.com
Underlying geocoded data: paid annual licence only ('With an annual license, you can use these…Underlying geocoded data: paid annual licence only ('With an annual license, you can use these data sets for interactive maps, data visualizations, and more', https://www2.telegeography.com/license-geocoded-map-data; 'Access to the underlying databases remains restricted to paying subscribers', https://www2.telegeography.com/cite-telegeography-map, both read 2026-10-17). Public map images: 'Any reference to a TeleGeography map, URL, or any related screen capture' is CC BY-SA 4.0 with credit; 'TeleGeography's interactive cable map is not an embeddable resource' (same page).
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
OpenStreetMap submarine and terrestrial communication cables (communication=line features), build-time extract for the Technology and Digital Systems faculty twinosm.submarine-cableswww.openstreetmap.orgODbL-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
United Nations Treaty Collection (treaties.un.org): status of multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary-General and treaty membership (not admitted; UN terms)un.treaty-collectiontreaties.un.org
Terms and Conditions of Use of United Nations Web Sites…Terms and Conditions of Use of United Nations Web Sites (https://www.un.org/en/about-us/terms-of-use, linked from the treaties.un.org footer, read 2026-10-17): permission to download and copy materials is 'for the User's personal, non-commercial use, without any right to resell or redistribute them or to compile or create derivative works therefrom' without permission; UN copyright notice (https://www.un.org/en/about-us/copyright, read 2026-10-17): 'All rights reserved' and no material 'may be used, reproduced or transmitted ... except as provided for in the Terms and Conditions of Use of United Nations Web Sites, without permission in writing from the publisher'
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDPROHIBITED
UNdata (United Nations Statistics Division data portal) series on the Risk Academy non-profit public pagesun.data.public-pagesdata.un.org
UNdata terms of use (https://data.un.org/Host.aspx?Content=UNdataUse, read 2026-10-17): 'All…UNdata terms of use (https://data.un.org/Host.aspx?Content=UNdataUse, read 2026-10-17): 'All data and metadata provided on UNdata's website are available free of charge' and 'may be copied freely, duplicated and further distributed provided that UNdata is cited as the reference'; no commercial or non-commercial distinction and no automated-access restriction stated on the page
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
NASA SEDAC Global Agricultural Lands: Croplands, 2000 (CIESIN_SEDAC_AGLANDS_CROP2000 v1.0) for the Systems and Nexus Studies faculty twinsedac.aglands-croplands-2000doi.org
NASA CMR use constraints for the collection…NASA CMR use constraints for the collection (https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/collections.umm_json?keyword=Global%20Agricultural%20Lands%20Croplands%202000, read 2026-10-17): 'Users are free to use, copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work for commercial and non-commercial purposes, without restriction, as long as clear attribution of the source is provided'; no LicenseURL or LicenseText field
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
USGS ShakeMap and PAGER event products (event detail GeoJSON, ShakeMap grid and MMI contours, PAGER alert level and exposure) on the Risk Academy non-profit public pagesusgs.shakemap-pager.public-pagesearthquake.usgs.gov
U.S. Government work, public domain ('USGS-authored or produced data and information are…U.S. Government work, public domain ('USGS-authored or produced data and information are considered to be in the U.S. Public Domain'; 'When using information from USGS information products, publications, or websites, we ask that proper credit be given', https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits, read 2026-10-17)
APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Terrain Tiles (Terrarium PNG, elevation-tiles-prod on the AWS Registry of Open Data) as the browser-direct 3D terrain and hillshade of the Risk Academy twin buildersaws.terrain-tiles.academy-publicelevation-tiles-prod.s3.amazonaws.comLicenseRef-Terrain-Tiles-Composite-OpenAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
NASA GIBS WMTS imagery (EPSG:3857) for the raster studio of the Risk Academy twin builders: true colour, sea surface temperature, land surface temperature, snow, sea ice, aerosols, night lights, precipitation, root-zone soil moisture, monthly air temperature and terrestrial water storagenasa.gibs.academy-engine-layersgibs.earthdata.nasa.govCC0-1.0APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS) API (api.first.org) as a browser-direct input of the Risk Academy vulnerability triage generatorfirst.epss.academy-publicapi.first.orgLicenseRef-FIRST-EPSS-Free-UseAPPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONSALLOWED
OpenAlex scholarly graph (works, authors, institutions, sources, topics)openalex.worksopenalex.orgCC0-1.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Crossref REST API (bibliographic metadata of registered works)crossref.rest-apiapi.crossref.org
Bibliographic metadata, almost none of it subject to copyright, usable for any purpose; some…Bibliographic metadata, almost none of it subject to copyright, usable for any purpose; some abstracts may be subject to publisher or author copyright (crossref.org REST API documentation, read 2026-10-19)
LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Wikidata structured data (Query Service and dumps)wikidata.cc0www.wikidata.orgCC0-1.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) data via the Atmosphere Data Storecopernicus.cams.adsads.atmosphere.copernicus.euCC-BY-4.0LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIREDLEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED

Data and licences

Indicators and domains

451 indicators NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices GRIx indicator catalogue

  • CLIClimate17 series
  • CONConflict10 series
  • FINFinance8 series
  • GOVGovernance17 series
  • HAZHazards13 series
  • INFInfrastructure16 series
  • CRSCrisis7 series
  • CYBCyber19 series
  • DEMDemography6 series
  • ECOEconomy13 series
  • ENEEnergy13 series
  • ENVEnvironment11 series
  • FISFiscal7 series
  • FOOFood10 series
  • HLTHealth12 series
  • MACMacro6 series
  • SOCSociety12 series
  • SPCSpace5 series
  • TECTechnology26 series
  • WATWater10 series

The 20 domain indices

Nexus Standards

Nexus Standards

Country profiles

195

Country profiles · the world

Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. Correct a value or reply · all country profiles

Hazard domains

905 hazards NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs GRIx hazards

Geodata and API

Public API not live

/api/v1/public/grixhttps://risksindex.com/api/v1/public/grix

Developers · Data · Contribute

api.risksindex.com not live

UNI NS-1

NXS-<SCOPE>-<CAT>[-<DOMAIN>][-<SECTOR>][-<REGION>][-<ENV>]-<SERIAL>[@<VERSION>]https://nexustandards.com/uni/{uni}

UNIs are allocated by the Nexus Standards catalogue (NS1-R2), never typed by hand.

  • Maps and basemaps
    • Risk Observatory mapliveopen
    • Self-hosted vector basemapgatedpublic
    • Terrain and elevationgatedpublic
    • Administrative boundariestestedplatform
  • Vector tiles
    • GRIx risk product tilestestedpublic
    • Tenant risk product tilestestedenterprise
    • Hexagon lens tilestestedplatform
    • Tile enginesgatedplatform
  • Raster and imagery
    • Satellite imagery overlaysgatedopen
    • Cloud-optimised raster tilesgatedplatform
    • STAC mosaic tilesgatedplatform
    • Earth-observation datacubestestedplatform
  • Catalogues and standard APIs
    • STAC APIbuiltplatform
    • OGC API Processesbuiltplatform
    • OGC API DGGSbuiltplatform
    • 3D Tiles and point cloudsgatedplatform
  • Spatial science and GeoAI
    • Exposure on H3 cellstestedenterprise
    • Geostatistical interpolationtestedenterprise
    • Spatial autocorrelationbuiltenterprise
    • Spatially blocked validationtestedenterprise
    • Conflict exposure on H3 cellsbuiltenterprise
    • Change detection from imagerytestedplatform
    • GeoAI labellingbuiltplatform
    • Earth-observation foundation modelsgatedplatform
    • Spatial risk fieldsbuiltplatform
  • Live feeds and nowcasting
    • Natural eventsgatedopen
    • Earthquakesgatedopen
    • Precipitation and cloud nowcast imagerygatedopen
    • Nowcasting modelsplannedenterprise

People · GHSL 2025People · WorldPop 2025Built-up areaPortsAirportsRoadsRailwaysRivers and lake centrelines Made with Natural Earth, Public domain

Live

  • Natural events (NASA EONET)NASA EONET · 1 h
    –not loaded
    1. Earthquakes M4.5+, past week (USGS)U.S. Geological Survey · 5 min
      –not loaded

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