Liability valuation on several bases
Projected benefit cash flows are discounted on funding, accounting, guarantee and buyout bases, so the board sees how the same promises look under each purpose and which assumptions drive the differences.
GRA · Institutional Funds Nexus
Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition
Actuarial mathematics for pension funds
Actuarial mathematics turns a promise to pay into a number a board can manage: the present value of benefits, the contributions needed to fund them and their sensitivity to rates, inflation and survival. For institutional funds it is the measure of the liability side, and every assumption it rests on is a judgement that must be stated.
01Naverok
Actuarial mathematics for pension funds in five parts.
02Serlêdan
What actuarial mathematics does here.
Actuarial mathematics applies probability, statistics and financial theory to measure and price contingent risks, particularly in insurance and pensions. It determines reserves and premiums for uncertain future obligations. In capital markets and investment and society and human development, actuarial methods determine whether risks can be insured and at what cost. They help assess accumulation of correlated losses across portfolios and regions. The canonical description is on the STEM Commons.
Mortality and longevity projection
Base tables are adjusted to scheme experience and combined with improvement models, and the liability is revalued under alternative improvement paths to show longevity sensitivity.
Funding plan and recovery path
Contributions, expected returns and benefit outgo are projected forward to show how a deficit is closed over the recovery period, and how the path changes under stressed returns or a weaker sponsor.
03Çavdêrî bike
Tail fit.
The screen a team would use to follow this method: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
Tail fit
Institutional funds · Actuarial mathematics for pension · Run R-7350
Shape parameter uncertainGRA · Institutional Funds Nexus
Return level curve
Method card
- Rêbaz
- Actuarial mathematics
- Nêzîkatî
- peaks over threshold
- Threshold
- 98th percentile
- Nîşan
- MODELKIRÎ
Parameters
generalised Pareto fit
| Shape ξ | 0.29 | −0.04 | 0.47 | heavy tail if above zero |
| Scale σ | 3.0 | 1.1 | 5.1 | units of the variable |
| Exceedances | 68 | declustered |
04Dane
What the method consumes.
Datasets and records used by actuarial mathematics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in the source register.
| Dane | Rol | Nîşan |
|---|---|---|
| Scheme membership and benefit data | Projected benefit cash flows | REPORTED |
| National and actuarial mortality tables | Base mortality and improvement | Statîstîkên weşandî |
| Government bond and swap curves | Discount rates and inflation expectations | ÇAVDÊRÎKIRÎ |
| Scheme mortality experience studies | Adjustment of tables to the membership | TEXMÎNKIRÎ |
| Disclosed actuarial assumptions | Comparison across funds | DECLARED |
05Loss model
Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss.
The loss a portfolio in the footprint can expect per year and at the 1 in 100 and 1 in 250 levels that insurers and lenders price, from the same three blocks every catastrophe model uses. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.
Kontrol
- Typical annual hazard intensity (location)
- 1.00 intensity index
- Belavbûna nirxên tund (pîvan)
- 0.80 intensity index
- Tundiya ku nîvê nirxê tê de winda dibe
- 4.00 intensity index
- Belavbûna lawazî
- 0.55
- Para nirxê di nav şopa metirsî de
- 40%
- Standarda parastinê (heyama vegerê)
- 50 sal
Xwendin
- Windahiya salane ya navînî
- 0.51% of value
- Windahî di 1 ji 100 salan de
- 24.5% of value
- Windahî di 1 ji 250 salan de
- 28.4% of value
- Tundî di 1 ji 100 salan de
- 4.68 intensity index
Jimar, rêbaz û çavkanî
| Heyama vegerê (sal) | Intensity (intensity index) | Windahî (% ya nirxê) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 1.27 | 0.00 |
| 4 | 1.91 | 0.00 |
| 7 | 2.47 | 0.00 |
| 13 | 3.00 | 0.00 |
| 24 | 3.51 | 0.00 |
| 44 | 4.02 | 0.00 |
| 82 | 4.53 | 23.55 |
| 154 | 5.03 | 26.44 |
| 287 | 5.53 | 28.87 |
| 536 | 6.03 | 30.88 |
| 1,000 | 6.53 | 32.53 |
Rêbaz
- Metirsî: nirxên dawîn ên Gumbel Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press
- Nazikiya lognormal (lawazî) FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
- Qada îhtîmala derbasbûnê û windahiya salane ya navînî Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer
- Bandora bendavê Di Baldassarre and others (2013), Socio-hydrology, HESS 17
- Pankeya nediyarîyê (Monte Carlo ya parametreyan) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- Hesasiyeta yek-yek (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
Dane
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- Çem Natural Earth
- Dirêjahiyên bajarî Natural Earth
- Bajar Natural Earth
- Erdhejên M4.5+, hefteya borî (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey · register usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
- Rêjeya baranê, nîv saeta dawîn (IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
- Pêşbînî: herikîna çemê, 30 roj bi navber (GloFAS bi riya Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS · register open-meteo.public-pages
- Berfirehiya avakirî û niştecihbûnê, 2010 (HBASE, Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · register sedac.context-urban-layers
Li seranserê şeş stûnan, bi pêşengiya Nexus Consortium
- Ceribandin Labs
- Hatiye avakirin di Institutional Funds Nexus in Foundry
- Tê ceribandin li Institutional Funds Nexus in Universe
- Hatiye kodkirin di Darayî, sîgorta û aborî di Standards de
- Hatiye weşandin di Institutional Funds Nexus in Reports
- Tê de tê dayîn Fakulteya Darayî û Aborî di Academy de
06Erêkirin
How results are checked.
Assumptions are tested through experience studies and actual-versus-expected analysis. Independent actuarial review checks methods and results.
| Kontrol bikin | How it is done |
|---|---|
| Actual versus expected analysis | Deaths, retirements and withdrawals are compared with what the assumptions implied, and persistent gaps prompt a change of assumption |
| Analysis of surplus | The change in funding between valuations is decomposed into returns, rates, experience and assumption changes, and the residual is reported |
| Sensitivity reporting | Liabilities are restated under shifts in discount rate, inflation and longevity so each assumption’s weight is visible |
| Independent actuarial review | Methods and assumptions are reviewed by an actuary not involved in the valuation, under professional standards |
Historical experience may not reflect emerging or correlated risks. Long-tail liabilities are sensitive to assumptions about future trends.
07Exposure, loss and capital
What actuarial mathematics for pension funds means for exposure, loss and capital.
The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.
Exposure and loss at return periods
How losses from actuarial mathematics for pension funds grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.
| Return period | Annual probability | Gross loss | Net loss | Net, capital = 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 in 10 | 0.10 | 14 | 10 | 10 |
| 1 in 50 | 0.02 | 33 | 21 | 21 |
| 1 in 100 | 0.01 | 46 | 27 | 27 |
| 1 in 250 | 0.004 | 68 | 39 | 39 |
| Windahiya salane ya navînî | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
08Connections
Topics that rely on this method.
09Stewardship
Who maintains the method.
Xetera aktuarî û hejmarî stewards actuarial mathematics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
10Girêdayî
Ev rûpel li ser Konsorsiyûmê te ber bi kû ve dibe.
11Pirs
Pirs û bersiv.
What are the limits of actuarial mathematics in this field?
Historical experience may not reflect emerging or correlated risks. Long-tail liabilities are sensitive to assumptions about future trends.
How are results checked?
Assumptions are tested through experience studies and actual-versus-expected analysis. Independent actuarial review checks methods and results.
Are the values on this page real?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
Where else is this method applied?
Çavdêrxaneya canonical method page lists every platform that applies it.
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rêzeya Pergalên Stratejîk is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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Institutional Funds Nexus
Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.
Agahî û pirs îro vekirî ne. Pirsek referansekê distîne û gava piştî wê dide nasîn; serlêdan, drav, veqetandina hesabkirinê û tomarkirin tenê dema ku tîm, mercên wê û kapasîteya vekolînê hebin vedibin.
Hiqûqî
Belgeyên hiqûqî.
Nexşe, dane û jimarên vê malperê ji bo çarçoveyê û agahiyên giştî têne nîşandan. Ew ne şîret, ne pêşbînî û ne hişyarî ne; sînorên agahiyê di Daxuyaniyên Berpirsiyariyê û Daxuyaniyên Daneyê de hatine diyarkirin.