GRA · AI and Financial Model Risk

Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition

AI and Financial Model Risk

Q: Where are findings published?

Reviewed outputs appear on the publications page , and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.

Q: How do I report an error?

Use corrections and concerns , or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.

Model governance and responsible AI use in financial decision processes and risk measurement. AI and Financial Model Risk is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance.

Open Industry scope and publisher About GRA

STEM methods: 4; Canonical methods this field applies
Topics: 8; Subject pages in the field
Counterparts: 5; Platforms in shared fields across the network
Report series: 2; Reports series it contributes to

01Contents

AI and Financial Model Risk in seven parts.

Reading order6 steps

01FrameworksWhat the work is read against
02What the platform doesShared understanding of model risk, not validation
03OverviewWhat AI and Financial Model Risk does
04The problemModels are now part of the financial system’s plumbing
05Foundation and counterpartsGrounded in method, linked to science and governance
06CoverageThe areas of artificial intelligence this platform takes on

02Frameworks

What the work is read against.

The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.

Framework or standard	Body	What it sets
Supervisory Guidance on Model Risk Management (SR 11-7)	Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency	Expectations for model development, validation and governance in United States banks, including effective challenge
Model risk management principles for banks (SS1/23)	Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom)	Principles for model identification, governance, development, validation and risk mitigants, covering AI and machine learning models
EU Artificial Intelligence Act	European Union	Risk-based obligations, under which AI used for creditworthiness assessment and for life and health insurance pricing is classed as high-risk
Application Paper on the supervision of artificial intelligence	International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS)	How the Insurance Core Principles apply to insurers’ use of AI: governance, robustness, transparency, fairness and redress
Report on the financial stability implications of artificial intelligence	Financial Stability Board	Assessment of AI-related vulnerabilities such as third-party concentration, market correlation, cyber risk and model risk
Principles to promote Fairness, Ethics, Accountability and Transparency (FEAT)	Monetary Authority of Singapore	Principles for the responsible use of AI and data analytics in financial services
AI Risk Management Framework	US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)	Govern, map, measure and manage functions for AI risk, with a profile for generative AI
Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B adverse action requirements	United States Congress; Consumer Financial Protection Bureau	Duties to give applicants specific reasons for credit denial, which apply when complex models are used

03Monitor

Model risk lifecycle.

The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.

Model risk lifecycle

Model inventory · Committee 3

7 validations overdueGRA · AI and Financial Model Risk

Lifecycle

Inventoryregistered
Developdocumented
Validateindependent
Approvecommittee
Implementcontrols
Monitorthresholds
Reviewannual
Retiredecommission

Models


MD-620 PD retail	Tier 1	19 months	1	Overdue
MD-007 LLM complaints triage	Tier 1	never	0	Not validated
MD-256 IFRS 9 staging	Tier 1	10 months	1	Approved
MD-852 marketing propensity	Tier 3	10 months	0	Approved

Validation scope

Conceptual soundness: In progress
Outcomes analysis: Pending
Benchmarking: Pending
Use limits: human review required

Model risk lifecycle: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Model inventory.Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.

04Topics

The questions this field works on.

Topic

Model risk governance

Inventory, ownership and validation.

Topic

Credit and pricing models

Finance-specific automated decisions.

Topic

Explainability and fairness

Interpretation, bias and accountability.

Topic

Model monitoring and drift

Changes over time and review thresholds.

Topic

Third party models

Vendor dependencies and due diligence.

Topic

Stress and scenario models

Verification and uncertainty.

05Behaviour model

When a run, a panic or an adoption tips.

The same threshold logic behind bank runs, herding and the adoption of new products: below a critical point nothing spreads, above it nearly everyone moves. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.

Controls

Mean threshold (share of neighbours): 18%
Spread of thresholds: 8 points
Early movers: 2.0% of people
Contacts per person: 8

Readouts

Share who acted in the end: 100%
Global cascade: Yes
Steps to settle: 13

Numbers, methods and sources

Step	Share who have acted (%)
0	1.3
1	4.5
2	11.3
3	20.3
4	29.3
5	41.3
6	53.3
7	64.5
8	79.0
9	91.5
10	96.5
11	99.8
12	100.0
13	100.0

Methods

Threshold models of collective behaviour Granovetter (1978), American Journal of Sociology 83
Global cascades on random networks Watts (2002), PNAS 99
Complex contagions Centola and Macy (2007), American Journal of Sociology 113
One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Data

No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.

When a run, a panic or an adoption tips. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Threshold models of collective behaviour (Granovetter (1978), American Journal of Sociology 83); Global cascades on random networks (Watts (2002), PNAS 99); Complex contagions (Centola and Macy (2007), American Journal of Sociology 113).

Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium

Experiments Labs
Built in AI and Financial Model Risk in Foundry
Tested at AI and Financial Model Risk in Universe
Codified in Digital, Cyber and AI in Standards
Published in AI and Financial Model Risk in Reports
Taught in Faculty of Technology and Digital Systems in Academy

06What the platform does

Shared understanding of model risk, not validation.

The platform is designed to give the industry a precompetitive evidence base on how financial models and AI systems are inventoried, tested, validated and monitored, and on where they fail. Each institution validates and governs its own models under its own supervisors.

Methods

Inventory, testing and monitoring

Model inventories, testing, validation and monitoring methods, compared across practice.

Outputs

Methods and research

Model governance methods and AI-in-finance research, published once reviewed.

Community

Who it is for

Model risk teams, quantitative validators and responsible AI leads.

GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval. Nothing on this platform validates, approves or certifies any model, vendor or institution, and nothing is legal, regulatory or investment advice. Analysis is sector-level research.

07Exposure, loss and capital

What AI and Financial Model Risk means for exposure, loss and capital.

The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.

Transmission channels

How a shock in AI and Financial Model Risk reaches credit, market, underwriting, liquidity and operational risk, and feeds back.

Channel structure after the Basel Committee’s work on climate-related risk drivers and transmission channels; links shown are typical paths, not estimated exposures.

Scenario pathways

How AI and Financial Model Risk could be stressed under the scenario families central banks and supervisors use.

Scenario family	Transition risk	Physical risk	What a stress test asks
Orderly	Early, gradual policy	Lower	Can the book absorb a steady repricing?
Disorderly	Late, abrupt policy	Lower to medium	What breaks under a sudden repricing and credit migration?
Hot house world	Limited policy	High and rising	Where do physical losses concentrate in collateral and insurance?

Scenario families as defined by the NGFS; the curves are an illustrative combined pressure index, not NGFS variables or forecasts.

NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision

08Overview

What AI and Financial Model Risk does.

AI and financial model risk is the risk of loss or harm from models, including machine learning and generative AI, that are wrong or misused in finance. Global Risks Alliance’s platform explains model governance, credit and pricing models, generative AI, explainability and fairness, drift, human oversight, vendor and stress models. It validates nothing.

Who it serves

Its community

Model risk teams; quantitative validators; responsible AI leads.

How it works

Its methods

Model inventories; testing; validation; monitoring.

What it produces

Its outputs

Model governance methods; AI-in-finance research.

09The problem

Models are now part of the financial system’s plumbing.

A model is a simplified representation of reality used to make a decision: a credit score, an insurance price, a capital calculation, a fraud alert, a liquidity forecast. Every model rests on assumptions and on data drawn from the past, and every model can be wrong in two ways: it can be built or implemented incorrectly, or it can be used where its assumptions no longer hold. Model risk is the potential for loss and harm from either.

Machine learning changes the scale and shape of that risk. Complex models can find patterns traditional methods miss, but they can be harder to explain, more sensitive to shifts in data and more likely to encode historical bias. Generative AI introduces new failure modes, such as confident but false output, and new dependencies on a small number of providers. When many institutions use similar models, vendors or data, their errors can be correlated, so a single flaw or a single change in conditions can affect much of the market at once.

The consequences reach customers and the wider economy: unfair credit decisions, mispriced risk, inadequate reserves, procyclical behaviour in stress, and operational outages when a widely used service fails. Model governance is how the industry keeps those risks visible and controlled.

10Foundation and counterparts

Grounded in method, linked to science and governance.

The platform applies artificial intelligence and machine learning, AI evaluation and assurance engineering, uncertainty quantification and model validation and probability and statistics from the STEM Commons hosted by The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). See the STEM foundation page.

At GCRI, Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems studies AI capability and evaluation, and Future of Work and Skills its effect on work. At the Global Risks Forum (GRF), AI and Digital Governance, Innovation Nexus and Capital Nexus convene institutions on how AI and finance are governed. Within GRA, Financial Stability, Financial Regulation Nexus and Actuarial and Quantitative Risk are close neighbours. Work can draw on the Foundry systems NXS-NXQ (software, models and capability lifecycle), NXS-LAB (research, experiments and simulations) and NXS-NSF (trust, authorisation and assurance) and contribute to the Methods and Technical and Exponential Technology series. See counterparts across the Consortium.

11Coverage

The areas of artificial intelligence this platform takes on.

AI and Financial Model Risk studies how the models that banks, insurers and asset managers use to lend, price, reserve, trade and serve customers can be wrong or misused, and how machine learning and generative AI change that risk. Its pages set out model risk governance, credit and pricing models, generative AI, explainability and fairness, monitoring and drift, human oversight, third-party models and stress models, with every source labelled. Global Risks Alliance shares industry understanding and does not validate models or give advice.

Area

Model risk governance

Inventories, tiering, validation, approval and the board and senior management oversight that model risk management requires.

Area

Credit and pricing models

Scoring, probability of default, loss given default, insurance pricing and the data and assumptions they rest on.

Area

Generative AI

Large language models in customer service, coding, research and operations, and the new failure modes they bring.

Area

Explainability and fairness

Explaining model outputs to customers, staff and supervisors, and testing for unfair or unlawful outcomes.

Area

Monitoring and drift

Tracking model performance after deployment and detecting when data or relationships shift.

Area

Human oversight

Where people review, override or remain accountable for model-driven decisions, and how to keep oversight real.

Area

Third-party models

Vendor scores, foundation models and data products that firms use without full access to their design.

Area

Stress and scenario models

Models that project losses and capital under stress, and the special risks of models used for rare events.

12Grounding

Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

Every claim on AI and Financial Model Risk rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.

Artificial intelligence and machine learningAI evaluation and assurance engineeringUncertainty quantification and model validationProbability and statistics

See the STEM foundation of AI and Financial Model Risk

13Cycle

How work moves in this field.

A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.

Question Universe National, regional or institutional priority. Question in AI and Financial Model Risk
Evidence Foundry STEM foundation of the platform. Evidence in AI and Financial Model Risk
Build Foundry Foundry. Build in AI and Financial Model Risk
Organise Universe Nexus ecosystem. Organise in AI and Financial Model Risk
Test Universe Universe (independent site). Test in AI and Financial Model Risk
Publish Reports Reports. Publish in AI and Financial Model Risk
Decide Competent authority Competent authorities and institutions, through NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs). Decide in AI and Financial Model Risk
Renew Universe Corrections and the next annual agenda. Renew in AI and Financial Model Risk

Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.

Labs
Foundry
Universe
Nexus Standards
Reports
Risk Academy
Competent authority (outside the programme)

14Six pillars

How this works across the six pillars.

AI and Financial Model Risk works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in Labs, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in Nexus Standards, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.

Select pillars · hover lines18 / 18 handoffs

Route

The whole programme

Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year’s feedback loops.

L · F · U · S · R · A

Pillars: 6 of 6
Handoffs: 18 of 18
Loops: 17 closed

Handoffs in play

F01Universe → Foundry · Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision caseReadiness preparation
F02Foundry → Universe · Core Build Report and go or no-go evidenceControlled build
F03Foundry → Reports · Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profileCloseout
F04Universe → Reports · After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13After-action review

and 14 more

F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.

LabsWhere questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.Labs
FoundryWhere exposure and scenario evidence is built so supervisors, insurers and investors can read it.AI and Financial Model Risk in Foundry Foundry
UniverseWhere scenarios are tested in controlled exercises, and finance-readiness dialogues read what they mean for capital and cover.AI and Financial Model Risk in Universe universe.nexus
Nexus StandardsWhere disclosure and data rules are codified so risk evidence is comparable for finance and insurance.Digital, Cyber and AI in Standards nexustandards.com
ReportsWhere sector analysis and the finance and insurance readiness series are published, with exposure and limits stated.AI and Financial Model Risk in Reports Reports
Risk AcademyWhere finance, insurance and public-finance professionals learn to read risk evidence, on Risk Academy.Faculty of Technology and Digital Systems in Academy risksacademy.com

15Consortium

The same field, seen three ways.

GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. AI and Financial Model Risk links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.

17Connected

Where this page leads across the Consortium.

18Questions

Questions and answers.

Who publishes AI and Financial Model Risk?

The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) publishes AI and Financial Model Risk and is responsible for what it publishes. GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.

Is AI and Financial Model Risk active?

AI and Financial Model Risk is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.

How can I contribute?

Start with the participation paths or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.

Where are findings published?

Reviewed outputs appear on the publications page, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.

Which values on this platform are real?

Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.

How do I report an error?

Use corrections and concerns, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.

Does the platform validate or approve models?

No. Model validation is carried out by each institution’s own independent function and reviewed by its supervisors. GRA does not validate, approve, certify or rate any model, vendor or institution.

How is it different from general AI safety work?

Finance-domain model risk has its own decisions, data, regulation and failure modes, such as credit discrimination, mispriced risk and correlated model behaviour in markets. General AI evaluation is studied at The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) by Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems.

ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Global Risks AllianceAI and Financial Model RiskMethods and TechnicalExponential Technology

Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.

How it works

How AI and Financial Model Risk works.

Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform’s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.

Process explorer · AI and Financial Model Risk

How AI and Financial Model Risk works

8 steps4 stages

AI and Financial Model Risk

How AI and Financial Model Risk works

Platforms · Programme year · Standards · Reports

A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.

01 Scope
1. 01Field and familiesStart · The platform leadThe home states the field, its families and who it serves.
2. 02Topic dossiersRecord · Platform authorsTopics explain the subject with labelled evidence.
02 Evidence
1. 03Evidence labelsRecord · GCRIEach value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.
2. 04MethodsStep · Method ownersMethods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.
03 Work
1. 05Scenarios on the systemsModel · Foundry pillarScenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.
2. 06Standards that applyRecord · Nexus StandardsThe platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.
04 Publish
1. 07EditionsRecord · ReportsFindings are published through Reports with their limits.
2. 08Authority decidesOutcome · The competent authorityDecisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.

AI and Financial Model Risk home · Platforms · Shared methodsAn outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.

Take part

Take part in AI and Financial Model Risk.

Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the AI and Financial Model Risk platform.

Route

National institutions

Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. National chapters

Route

Sectors and professions

Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches AI and Financial Model Risk. Participate

Route

Learning

Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. Open learning

Route

Standards

Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. Working groups

Route

Communities and research

Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. Write to the team

Open call	Seeks	Closes
Founding call for experts to the working groups CALL-FOUNDING-EXPERTS	expert, editor, chair	2026-12-15
Open nomination for the three independent expert seats of the Global Standards Council CALL-GSC-IND	council-member	2026-12-01
Nominations of interim regional members (applies only if the transitional provision is decided) CALL-GSC-REG	council-member	2026-12-15
Review of the wave-1 risk core outlines (C1, C2, C3, C4, C8, C10, C11) CALL-REVIEW-WAVE1	contributor	2027-01-31
Experts for the core standards of risk science: uncertainty and evidence grading, scales, structured expert judgement, tolerability, extremes and compound events, catastrophic and existential risk, ethics and equity, units and measurement (NRS-C17 to NRS-C24) CALL-CORE-SCIENCE	expert, editor, chair	2027-01-31
Independent reviewers for the families of the hazard atlas, three from at least two regions for each family (NHS2-R19), priority families first CALL-ATLAS-REVIEW	expert	2027-03-31
Members of the interim Frontier Safety Review Panel and red-team reviewers (biosafety and biosecurity, AI safety and security, critical-infrastructure security); applications treated in confidence CALL-FRONTIER-SAFETY-REVIEW	expert	2026-11-30
Experts in ontology, metrology, software verification and conformity assessment for the requirement register, the NHS-2 machine representation, the conformance test suites and the conformity assessment scheme CALL-CONFORMANCE-ONTOLOGY	expert, editor	2027-01-31

Calls past their closing date are hidden automatically. Every call, proposal and route: open areas and calls.

The Global Risks Index

Every figure on this page is indexed: hazards, climate, conflict, the world.

205 sources451 indicators905 hazards54 series195 country profiles

Values forming2026-10-23 · 22c6eed

Overview

01 · Sources205 registered sourcesEvery value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.Data and licences
02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 and NHS-1451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.Nexus Standards
03 · The Index54 series, 195 country profilesComputed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.Values formingThe Global Risks Index
04 · This pageAI and Financial Model RiskMaps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of hazards, climate, conflict.Public API

Sources205registered, each with its licence Indicators451NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices Hazards905NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs Series54global, sector, strategic, technology, thematic Country profiles195one site per country

Series in this context hazards, climate, conflict

GLBGlobal SystemsNXS-GRX-AR-000002
THDisaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)NXS-GRX-AR-000111
GSGlobal CitiesNXS-GRX-AR-000068
GSGlobal ClimateNXS-GRX-AR-000065

All 54 series · The 20 domain indices

GRA

National portfolio interfaceFinance for national portfolios
Industry councilsFinancial institutions by industry
Professional working groupsRisk, actuarial and finance professionals
Institutional membersBanks, insurers, funds and regulators
Professional learningFinance and insurance professionals
Evidence and data standardsData stewards in finance
Professional participationIndividual professionals

Series in this context

Filter series54

GLBGlobal SystemsThe state of interdependent global risk: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap…NXS-GRX-AR-000002HAZCLICONSOCFOOWATHLTENEINFFISFINECOCYBTECENVDEMGOVCRSMACSPC
TH-04Disaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)Signals, observations, event streams, geospatial layers and scenario packs turned into structured risk intelligence for preparedness and planning.NXS-GRX-AR-000111HAZCLICONHLT
GS-10Global CitiesUrban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000068DEMHAZINFSOCCLI
GS-07Global ClimateChronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.NXS-GRX-AR-000065CLIHAZENVENEFIN
GS-01Global WaterAccess, scarcity, quality, floods and droughts, groundwater depletion, transboundary dependency and the couplings of water to energy, food, health and nature.NXS-GRX-AR-000059WATHAZCLIHLTFOOENEENV
GS-02Global EnergySupply adequacy, import dependency, grid reliability, affordability, extreme-weather exposure, critical minerals and transition pathways.NXS-GRX-AR-000060ENEINFCLIECOCYBMAC
GS-03Global Food and agrifoodAcute and chronic food insecurity, production shocks, import dependency, prices, fertiliser and logistics chokepoints, nutrition and pollination dependency.NXS-GRX-AR-000061FOOWATCLIECOCONSOCENV
GS-04Global HealthHealth security capacity, epidemic emergence and spread, heat and air-quality burden, health system stress and access.NXS-GRX-AR-000062HLTSOCDEMWATCLICRS
GS-05Global Finance and economyFiscal and public debt risk, financial stability, external dependence, inflation and growth at risk, and the macro-financial channels of physical and transition risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000063FISFINECOMACCLI
GS-06Global DevelopmentPoverty, inequality, human development, demographic pressure and displacement as the ground on which shocks become losses.NXS-GRX-AR-000064SOCDEMMACHLTGOV
GS-08Global DisasterMulti-hazard exposure, disaster losses and mortality, return-period losses, protection gaps and coping capacity.NXS-GRX-AR-000066HAZCRSINFSOCFIS
GS-09Global InfrastructureInfrastructure fragility, service continuity, interdependency of power, water, transport and telecommunications, and investment exposure.NXS-GRX-AR-000067INFENECYBHAZWAT
GS-11Global BiodiversityEnvironmental pressure, ecosystem condition, nature dependency of economies and the nature–climate–water–food feedbacks.NXS-GRX-AR-000069ENVCLIWATFOOECO
GS-12Global Earth observationWhat Earth observation can and cannot see of risk: coverage, revisit, latency and the observing systems GRIx depends on.NXS-GRX-AR-000070HAZCLIENVSPCTEC
GS-13Global Cyber and digitalCyber capability and threat exposure, digital dependency, connectivity resilience and the cyber-physical channels into essential services.NXS-GRX-AR-000071CYBTECINFGOV
GS-14Global Policy and institutionsGovernance weakness, state capacity, rule of law, preparedness frameworks and the institutional ability to anticipate and adapt.NXS-GRX-AR-000072GOVCRSCON
GS-15Global Science and engineeringThe scientific, engineering and data capacity societies need to measure, model and reduce risk, and its concentration.NXS-GRX-AR-000073TECSOCGOV
SR-01Global PolycrisisHow crises become entangled: common causes, domino effects and feedbacks across climate, economy, health and security.NXS-GRX-AR-000074HAZCLICONFISFOOHLTECO
SR-02Conflict, fragility and human securityConflict risk and escalation, fragility, organised violence, civilian harm and the conflict–climate–food–displacement nexus.NXS-GRX-AR-000075CONGOVDEMFOOSOC
SR-03Supply chains, trade and chokepointsTrade concentration, maritime and overland chokepoints, input–output exposure and the propagation of supply shocks.NXS-GRX-AR-000076ECOINFENEFOOTEC
SR-04MineralsCritical-mineral concentration, processing dependency, price and export-restriction risk, and the environmental and social footprint of extraction.NXS-GRX-AR-000077ECOTECENEENVGOV
SR-05Fiscal resilienceFiscal space, debt sustainability signals, contingent liabilities from disasters, and pre-arranged finance.NXS-GRX-AR-000078FISMACFINHAZ
SR-06Displacement and demographic changeForced displacement, migration pressure, ageing, youth bulges and urbanisation as risk multipliers.NXS-GRX-AR-000079DEMSOCCONCLI
SR-07Food, water and energyThe food–water–energy nexus: shared stressors, trade-offs and joint failures.NXS-GRX-AR-000080FOOWATENECLI
SR-08Financial contagion and systemic financeInterconnected exposures, sovereign–bank links, capital-flow reversals and contagion through financial networks.NXS-GRX-AR-000081FINFISECOMAC
SR-09Planetary boundariesEarth-system boundaries and tipping elements as slow-onset, high-impact risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000082ENVCLIWATFOO
SR-10Digital public infrastructureIdentity, payments and data-exchange infrastructure as public goods, and their concentration, cyber and continuity risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000083CYBTECGOVINF
SR-11Information integrity and social cohesionInformation disorder, polarisation, trust and cohesion as amplifiers of every other risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000084GOVSOCCONCYB
SR-12Health security and biosecurityPandemic and epidemic preparedness, antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic spillover and biosecurity controls, at public-safe level.NXS-GRX-AR-000085HLTENVCRSGOV
SR-13Strategic technologyConcentration and control of strategic technologies, export controls and technological dependency.NXS-GRX-AR-000086TECECOCYB
SR-14Global catastrophic and tail riskLow-probability, high-impact and global catastrophic risks: severe space weather, super-eruptions, engineered and natural pandemics, nuclear and frontier-technology failure modes, compound collapses.NXS-GRX-AR-000087SPCHAZHLTTECCON
TH-01WEFH-B InterdependencyThe water, energy, food, health and biodiversity systems read together: drought to energy stress, energy disruption to health stress, biodiversity loss to food-system stress, flood to water contamination, heat to…NXS-GRX-AR-000108WATENEFOOHLTENV
TH-02Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)Hazard, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, preparedness, redundancy and recovery readings for planning and learning, aligned to the Sendai Framework targets.NXS-GRX-AR-000109HAZCRSINFSOC
TH-03Disaster Risk Finance (DRF)Loss sensitivity, protection gaps, contingent liabilities and the readiness questions for pre-arranged finance, insurance and risk transfer.NXS-GRX-AR-000110FISHAZFINCRS
XT-01Artificial Intelligence and Agentic SystemsAI and agentic systems as physical infrastructure (compute, energy, water, materials and supply chains) and as a hazard source: failure, misuse, concentration and oversight gaps.NXS-GRX-AR-000088TECCYBENEWATGOV
XT-02Cyber and cyber-physical systemsThreats to operational technology, industrial control and cyber-physical systems across energy, water, health, ports and logistics.NXS-GRX-AR-000089CYBINFENE
XT-03Telecommunications, open radio networks and edgeTelecom resilience, open and AI-native radio access networks, private wireless, edge compute and spectrum constraints.NXS-GRX-AR-000090INFCYBTEC
XT-04Sovereign compute, HPC and cloudCompute dependency and concentration, cloud and data-residency risk, accelerator supply and secure compute.NXS-GRX-AR-000091TECCYBENE
XT-05Quantum-relevant securityCryptographic resilience and the migration to post-quantum cryptography across public and financial systems.NXS-GRX-AR-000092CYBTECFIN
XT-06SemiconductorsSemiconductor supply concentration, fabrication chokepoints, materials and equipment dependency and export-control exposure.NXS-GRX-AR-000093TECECOINF
XT-07Earth observation and space systemsDependency on satellites for navigation, communications and observation; orbital congestion, debris and space-weather exposure.NXS-GRX-AR-000094SPCTECINF
XT-08Drones, robotics and autonomous systemsAutonomous and robotic systems in logistics, agriculture, industry and security: failure, misuse and safety oversight.NXS-GRX-AR-000095TECINFCON
XT-09Sensors, IoT and industrial IoTConnected sensing and control across cities, utilities and industry: attack surface, data integrity and dependency.NXS-GRX-AR-000096CYBINFTEC
XT-10Digital twins and simulationDigital twins and simulation used for risk decisions: model risk, validation and dependency.NXS-GRX-AR-000097TECGOV
XT-11Digital identity and trustIdentity, authentication and trust infrastructure: exclusion, fraud, breach and concentration risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000098CYBGOVSOC
XT-12Positioning, navigation and timingDependency of power, telecom, finance and transport on positioning and timing signals; jamming, spoofing and space weather.NXS-GRX-AR-000099SPCINFCYB
XT-13Energy transition technologiesBatteries, hydrogen, grid storage, renewables and their supply chains, failure modes and transition risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000100ENETECECOCLI
XT-14Software and supply-chain integrityOpen-source and commercial software dependencies, build integrity and provenance across critical systems.NXS-GRX-AR-000101CYBTEC
XT-15Biotechnology and biosecurityBiotechnology capability and governance at public-safe level: laboratory biosafety, oversight and detection capacity; no capability information is published.NXS-GRX-AR-000102HLTTECGOV
XT-16Advanced manufacturingAdvanced and additive manufacturing, industrial automation and their supply, cyber and labour risks.NXS-GRX-AR-000103TECECOCYB
XT-17Distributed ledgers and decentralised infrastructureDistributed ledgers and decentralised physical infrastructure networks: operational, financial-stability and governance risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000104FINTECCYB
XT-18Climate intervention technologiesCarbon removal and proposed climate interventions: physical, governance and termination risks, read from published assessments only.NXS-GRX-AR-000105CLIENVGOVTEC
XT-19Neurotechnology and human augmentationNeurotechnology and augmentation: safety, privacy, equity and governance risks.NXS-GRX-AR-000106TECHLTGOV
XT-20Converging technologiesRisks that emerge where frontier technologies combine (AI with biotechnology, autonomy with cyber, compute with energy) and outrun single-technology governance.NXS-GRX-AR-000107TECCYBHLTGOV

All 54 series · The 20 domain indices

Sources and licences

Filter sources205

Source	Origin	Licence	Legal status	Commercial use
OpenStreetMap building footprints and height tags`osm.vector.buildings`	www.openstreetmap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenStreetMap planet extracts and minutely/hourly/daily replication`osm.planet.replication`	planet.openstreetmap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenFreeMap Liberty / planet vector tiles (OSM-derived style lineage; public host not used at runtime)`osm.openfreemap.liberty`	tiles.openfreemap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
VersaTiles OSM Shortbread vector tiles (OSM-derived COP catalog)`osm.versatiles.shortbread`	tiles.versatiles.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenFreeMap public instance (tiles.openfreemap.org) as the browser-direct vector basemap of the Risk Academy non-profit pages`osm.openfreemap.academy-public`	tiles.openfreemap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
VersaTiles public tile server (tiles.versatiles.org) as a browser-direct vector basemap of the Risk Academy non-profit pages`osm.versatiles.academy-public`	tiles.versatiles.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
OpenStreetMap Foundation vector tiles (vector.openstreetmap.org, Shortbread) on the Risk Academy non-profit pages, tiles only`osm.osmf-vector.academy-public`	vector.openstreetmap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
OpenAlex works API (api.openalex.org) as a live research source of the Risk Academy hub`openalex.academy-public`	api.openalex.org	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Crossref REST API (api.crossref.org) as a live research source of the Risk Academy hub`crossref.academy-public`	api.crossref.org	LicenseRef-Crossref-Metadata-Facts	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Europe PMC RESTful web service (www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc) as a live research and preprint source of the Risk Academy hub`europepmc.academy-public`	www.ebi.ac.uk	LicenseRef-EMBL-EBI-Terms-of-Use	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GDELT DOC 2.0 API (api.gdeltproject.org) as a live news source of the Risk Academy hub`gdelt.academy-public`	api.gdeltproject.org	LicenseRef-GDELT-Open-Use-With-Citation	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
ReliefWeb API v2 (api.reliefweb.int) as a live humanitarian source of the Risk Academy hub, once an appname is approved`reliefweb.academy-public`	api.reliefweb.int	LicenseRef-ReliefWeb-Terms	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
arXiv API (export.arxiv.org) metadata as a preprint source of the Risk Academy hub, through the relay or the daily snapshot`arxiv.academy-public`	export.arxiv.org	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Google News RSS search feeds (news.google.com/rss) as headline links on the Risk Academy hub, through the relay or the daily snapshot`google-news-rss.academy-public`	news.google.com	LicenseRef-Google-News-Feed-Personal-Use-Only	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (30 m global DSM), self-hosted Terrarium terrain archive`copernicus.dem.glo30`	registry.opendata.aws	LicenseRef-Copernicus-DEM	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Sentinel-2 Level-2A surface reflectance COGs (AWS Open Data, Earth Search catalogue)`copernicus.sentinel2.l2a.cogs`	registry.opendata.aws	LicenseRef-Copernicus-Sentinel-Data	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / GLO-90 COGs read on demand by nexus-raster`copernicus.dem.glo30.cogs`	registry.opendata.aws	LicenseRef-Copernicus-DEM	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
ESA WorldCover 10 m land cover (2020 / 2021) COGs`esa.worldcover.10m`	registry.opendata.aws	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
UNDRR-ISC Hazard Definition & Classification Review, 2025 Update of the Technical Report (Hazard Information Profiles classification, identifiers and multi-hazard method)`undrr-isc.hip-classification.2025`	doi.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Natural Earth 1:110m Admin 0 Countries (bundled same-origin GeoJSON)`naturalearth.admin0.110m`	www.naturalearthdata.com	LicenseRef-Public-Domain-Natural-Earth	APPROVED	`ALLOWED`
geoBoundaries gbOpen administrative boundaries API (ADM0-ADM5)`geoboundaries.gbopen`	www.geoboundaries.org	Per-boundary source licence (boundaryLicense), admitted per country by the boundary licence gate	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
ohsome OSM history API (operator-bound only)`osm.history.ohsome`	api.ohsome.org	ODbL-1.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Nexus self-hosted OpenStreetMap planet basemap (Planetiler OpenMapTiles profile, PMTiles)`osm.planet.omt.self-hosted`	planet.openstreetmap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenStreetMap Overpass API (bounded investigation / gap-fill)`osm.overpass`	wiki.openstreetmap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenStreetMap planet on the Nexus self-hosted Overpass engine (clone + minute replication)`osm.overpass.self-hosted-planet`	planet.openstreetmap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenStreetMap regional extracts (Geofabrik download server) for bounded engine builds`osm.geofabric.regional-extracts`	download.geofabrik.de	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Overture Maps buildings theme (GeoParquet)`overture.buildings`	docs.overturemaps.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Overture Maps places theme (GeoParquet, read in place)`overture.places`	docs.overturemaps.org	CDLA-Permissive-2.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
City of Toronto Open Data asset registers (facilities, infrastructure and heritage datasets)`toronto.open-data.asset-registers`	open.toronto.ca	Open Government Licence – Toronto (based on version 1.0 of the Open Government Licence – Ontario); not yet reviewed	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Ontario Data Catalogue asset registers (provincial facilities and infrastructure datasets)`ontario.data-catalogue.asset-registers`	data.ontario.ca	Open Government Licence – Ontario; not yet reviewed	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GlobalBuildingAtlas ODbL building polygons (OSM + Microsoft), research isolated`gba.odbl.polygon`	huggingface.co	ODbL-1.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
GlobalBuildingAtlas non-ODbL polygons (Google Open Buildings, CLSM, PSR-derived)`gba.bync.polygon`	huggingface.co	CC-BY-NC-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
GlobalBuildingAtlas LoD1 JSON linking polygons to height/variance`gba.bync.lod1`	huggingface.co	CC-BY-NC-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
GlobalBuildingAtlas 3 m building height GeoTIFF (GBA.Height)`gba.bync.height`	mediatum.ub.tum.de	CC-BY-NC-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
GlobalBuildingAtlas generation software (im2bf, im2bh, produce_lod1)`gba.generation.code`	github.com	MIT-with-Commons-Clause	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
AlphaEarth Foundations Satellite Embedding dataset (annual, 64-band, 10 m)`alphaearth.satellite-embedding.annual`	developers.google.com	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
geoBoundaries gbOpen ADM0 to ADM5 boundaries (William & Mary geoLab)`geoboundaries.gbopen.adm`	www.geoboundaries.org	NOASSERTION	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
UN OCHA Common Operational Datasets, Administrative Boundaries (COD-AB, P-codes) on HDX`ocha.cod-ab`	data.humdata.org	Per-country licence published on HDX (license_id), admitted per country by the boundary licence gate	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
UN Second Administrative Level Boundaries (SALB), UN Geospatial / UN Statistics Division`un.salb.adm`	salb.un.org	SALB Terms of Use (2021). Copyright vested in the United Nations; "The SALB Data may be used… SALB Terms of Use (2021). Copyright vested in the United Nations; "The SALB Data may be used for only non-commercial purposes"; users are prohibited from changing the geometry or content without consent of the Contributor; derived products must credit "from SALB Data, United Nations" and the Contributor; access is revocable and non-transferable.	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
UN Geodata country boundaries (UN Geospatial BNDA, the basis of the UN Clear Map)`un.geodata.bnda`	www.un.org	Terms of Use of the UN Geodata: designed for the production of maps for the UN Secretariat;… Terms of Use of the UN Geodata: designed for the production of maps for the UN Secretariat; Outside Users may use the Data only for the purpose identified by the Geospatial Information Section; "Under no circumstances may the Data be used for commercial purposes"; the UN must be recognised as the source unless the data is altered or combined.	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
U.S. Census Bureau TIGERweb States and Counties (TIGER/Line geography)`us.census.tigerweb.adm`	tigerweb.geo.census.gov	LicenseRef-US-Government-Work	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Statistics Canada 2021 Census Cartographic Boundary Files (provinces and territories, census divisions, census subdivisions)`ca.statcan.boundary-files`	geo.statcan.gc.ca	Open Government Licence - Canada, version 2.0 (open.canada.ca record "2021 Census - Boundary… Open Government Licence - Canada, version 2.0 (open.canada.ca record "2021 Census - Boundary files", license_id ca-ogl-lgo; the service description states "Use Limitation: Open Government Licence - Canada"). Worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, non-exclusive licence to copy, modify, publish, translate, adapt, distribute or otherwise use the Information, including for commercial purposes, on condition that the source is acknowledged ("Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada") and no official status or endorsement is implied. Approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-goc-ogl-canada-boundaries).	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
INSPIRE Administrative Units (EU Member State national mapping and cadastral agencies)`eu.inspire.au`	inspire.ec.europa.eu	Set per Member State dataset (no single licence). Each national dataset needs its own licence… Set per Member State dataset (no single licence). Each national dataset needs its own licence check before it can be admitted.	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
ISO 3166-1 country codes and ISO 3166-2 subdivision codes (International Organization for Standardization)`iso.3166`	www.iso.org	ISO copyright. ISO's help centre: purchased Country Codes "can be downloaded to your database… ISO copyright. ISO's help centre: purchased Country Codes "can be downloaded to your database and used in order to implement the standard ISO 3166. However, selling them to others and further reproduction is not permitted."	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Unicode CLDR subdivision ids and names (ISO 3166-2 based)`unicode.cldr.subdivisions`	github.com	Unicode-3.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
UN Statistics Division, Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)`unsd.m49`	unstats.un.org	United Nations terms of use (code list; attribution)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GADM database of Global Administrative Areas`gadm.boundaries`	gadm.org	GADM licence (free for academic and other non-commercial use; commercial use not allowed without permission)	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
World Bank Open Data (Indicators API v2, World Development Indicators and other catalogue datasets)`worldbank.open-data`	api.worldbank.org	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Eurostat dissemination API (SDMX 2.1 / JSON-stat statistics)`eurostat.dissemination`	ec.europa.eu	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
OECD Data Explorer SDMX API`oecd.data-explorer`	sdmx.oecd.org	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
UNdata (United Nations Statistics Division data portal)`un.data`	data.un.org	UNdata terms of use (free of charge; may be copied and redistributed provided UNdata is cited as the reference)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GBIF occurrence API and downloads (Global Biodiversity Information Facility)`gbif.occurrence`	api.gbif.org	Per-dataset CC0 1.0, CC BY 4.0 or CC BY-NC 4.0 (set by each data publisher)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
ERA5 reanalysis via the Copernicus Climate Data Store (C3S / ECMWF)`ecmwf.era5.cds`	cds.climate.copernicus.eu	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA NWS National Hurricane Center active storms, forecast tracks and cones (Atlantic, East and Central Pacific)`noaa.nhc.tropical-cyclones`	www.nhc.noaa.gov	U.S. Government work (NOAA NWS National Hurricane Center), public domain per the NHC… U.S. Government work (NOAA NWS National Hurricane Center), public domain per the NHC disclaimer; approved by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-noaa-nhc-nws-spc)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA NCEI Access Data Service (climate observations and archives)`noaa.ncei.access`	www.ncei.noaa.gov	U.S. Government work (public domain) except datasets that carry their own restrictions (e.g. some non-U.S. station data)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
NASA Earthdata Common Metadata Repository (CMR) search`nasa.earthdata.cmr`	cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Alaska Satellite Facility DAAC (ASF) data pool downloads`nasa.earthdata.daac.asf`	asf.alaska.edu	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as… NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Land Processes DAAC (LP DAAC, USGS EROS) on-premises data pool downloads`nasa.earthdata.daac.lpdaac`	lpdaac.usgs.gov	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as… NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC (NSIDC) downloads`nasa.earthdata.daac.nsidc`	nsidc.org	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as… NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC (ORNL DAAC) downloads`nasa.earthdata.daac.ornl`	daac.ornl.gov	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as… NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC, JPL) tool and OPeNDAP hosts`nasa.earthdata.daac.podaac`	podaac.jpl.nasa.gov	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as… NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) on-premises hosts`nasa.earthdata.daac.gesdisc`	disc.gsfc.nasa.gov	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as… NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested), as stated on the NASA Earthdata open data policy page; per-collection terms not reviewed	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
EM-DAT international disaster database (CRED, UCLouvain)`emdat.cred`	www.emdat.be	EM-DAT terms of use (registration required; free for non-commercial use; commercial use needs a CRED licence)	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
NOAA National Weather Service API active alerts (CAP v1.2 as GeoJSON)`noaa.nws.alerts`	api.weather.gov	U.S. Government work (NOAA National Weather Service), public domain per the NWS disclaimer;… U.S. Government work (NOAA National Weather Service), public domain per the NWS disclaimer; approved by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-noaa-nhc-nws-spc)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA National Weather Service API points metadata and gridpoint forecasts`noaa.nws.points`	api.weather.gov	U.S. Government work (NOAA National Weather Service), public domain per the NWS disclaimer;… U.S. Government work (NOAA National Weather Service), public domain per the NWS disclaimer; approved by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-noaa-nhc-nws-spc)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA NWS Storm Prediction Center convective outlooks (GeoJSON) and preliminary storm reports (CSV)`noaa.spc.products`	www.spc.noaa.gov	U.S. Government work (NOAA NWS Storm Prediction Center), public domain per the NWS disclaimer;… U.S. Government work (NOAA NWS Storm Prediction Center), public domain per the NWS disclaimer; approved by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-noaa-nhc-nws-spc)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
MET Norway Locationforecast 2.0 (api.met.no point forecasts)`metno.locationforecast`	api.met.no	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET) v3 events`nasa.eonet.events`	eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; acknowledgement… NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; acknowledgement requested); EONET metadata is subject to the EONET disclaimer; event source links keep their own terms; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-open-weather-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) Open Data server (opendata.dwd.de)`dwd.opendata`	opendata.dwd.de	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Environment and Climate Change Canada MSC GeoMet (OGC API / WMS) and MSC Datamart`eccc.geomet`	api.weather.gc.ca	Environment and Climate Change Canada Data Servers End-use Licence (the licence page does not… Environment and Climate Change Canada Data Servers End-use Licence (the licence page does not name the Open Government Licence - Canada); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-open-weather-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
ECMWF open data (IFS and AIFS real-time forecasts)`ecmwf.open-data`	data.ecmwf.int	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Copernicus Emergency Management Service rapid mapping activations and products`copernicus.ems.rapid-mapping`	rapidmapping.emergency.copernicus.eu	Copernicus free, full and open data policy (Delegated Regulation (EU) 1159/2013, Regulation… Copernicus free, full and open data policy (Delegated Regulation (EU) 1159/2013, Regulation (EU) 377/2014; the EMS terms page now cites Regulation (EU) 2021/696); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
GloFAS global flood forecasts and reanalysis (CEMS-Floods, Early Warning Data Store)`copernicus.glofas`	ewds.climate.copernicus.eu	CEMS-FLOODS datasets licence (rev. 1); approved with conditions by the repository owner on… CEMS-FLOODS datasets licence (rev. 1); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
JRC global river flood hazard maps (flood depth by return period, European Commission JRC)`jrc.global-river-flood-hazard-maps`	data.jrc.ec.europa.eu	Not recorded in the repository; the release-specific terms (JRC Data Catalogue record or the… Not recorded in the repository; the release-specific terms (JRC Data Catalogue record or the CEMS-Floods distribution) must be confirmed by Legal/IP per release	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
WRI Aqueduct Floods hazard maps (riverine and coastal inundation depth by return period and scenario)`wri.aqueduct-floods`	www.wri.org	Not recorded in the repository; WRI dataset terms for the Aqueduct Floods release must be confirmed by Legal/IP	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
WRI Aqueduct 4.0 Water Risk Atlas indicators (baseline water stress and related sub-basin indicators; baseline and SSP projections)`wri.aqueduct-4.0-water-risk-atlas`	www.wri.org	Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International as stated in the Aqueduct FAQ… Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International as stated in the Aqueduct FAQ (https://www.wri.org/aqueduct/faq, retrieved 2026-10-12: the Aqueduct 4.0 database is licensed under the "Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License"); the data page lists only "Creative Commons". Not confirmed by Legal/IP	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (WDPCA, formerly WDPA) via Protected Planet (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN)`unep-wcmc.wdpa`	www.protectedplanet.net	Protected Planet terms of use (https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/legal, retrieved 2026-10-12):… Protected Planet terms of use (https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/legal, retrieved 2026-10-12): the materials and derived works may not be put to Commercial Use without the prior written permission of UNEP-WCMC (commercial use covers use by, for or to inform a for-profit entity and revenue generation by individuals or non-profits; UNEP-WCMC decides what is commercial; commercial users are referred to IBAT); no redistribution or sub-licensing of the data, including within derived works, without permission	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas (BirdLife International on behalf of the KBA Partnership)`birdlife.kba`	www.keybiodiversityareas.org	KBA terms of service (https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/termsofservice, retrieved… KBA terms of service (https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/termsofservice, retrieved 2026-10-12): KBA data may not be used for Commercial Use (use by, on behalf of, or to inform or assist a commercial entity, or revenue generation by individuals or non-profits) without the prior written approval of the KBA Secretariat; KBA Partners license commercial use through IBAT; no reposting, sublicensing, resale or redistribution, including within derivative works, without written permission; non-commercial conservation, education, scientific analysis and research use permitted without prior permission	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (UC Santa Barbara Climate Hazards Center)`ucsb-chc.chirps`	www.chc.ucsb.edu	Copyright waiver stated on https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps (retrieved 2026-10-12): "To the… Copyright waiver stated on https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps (retrieved 2026-10-12): "To the extent possible under the law, Pete Peterson has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to CHIRPS. CHIRPS data is in the public domain as registered with Creative Commons." (a CC0-style waiver; SPDX identifier not confirmed by Legal/IP)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GEM Global Seismic Hazard Map (PGA for a stated probability of exceedance, Global Earthquake Model Foundation)`gem.global-seismic-hazard-map`	www.globalquakemodel.org	Not recorded in the repository; the plan records GEM hazard products as expected non-commercial… Not recorded in the repository; the plan records GEM hazard products as expected non-commercial (human gate G2); terms must be confirmed by Legal/IP	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
NOAA Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor System (MRMS) on AWS (NOAA Open Data Dissemination)`noaa.mrms.aws`	noaa-mrms-pds.s3.amazonaws.com	U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can… U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can be used as desired"); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA GOES-16/18/19 ABI and GLM on AWS (NOAA Open Data Dissemination)`noaa.goes.aws`	noaa-goes19.s3.amazonaws.com	U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can… U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can be used as desired"); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) on AWS (NOAA Open Data Dissemination)`noaa.hrrr.aws`	noaa-hrrr-bdp-pds.s3.amazonaws.com	U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can… U.S. Government work, public domain; NOAA Open Data Dissemination ("open to the public and can be used as desired"); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
WMO Alert Hub / Register of Alerting Authorities CAP official alerts`wmo.cap.alert-hub`	alertingauthority.wmo.int	WMO Unified Data Policy (Resolution 1, Cg-Ext(2021)), free and unrestricted exchange, plus each… WMO Unified Data Policy (Resolution 1, Cg-Ext(2021)), free and unrestricted exchange, plus each issuing alerting authority's own terms; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
USGS Water Data APIs (NWIS instantaneous and daily values, OGC API)`usgs.waterdata`	api.waterdata.usgs.gov	U.S. Public Domain (USGS information policy); approved with conditions by the repository owner… U.S. Public Domain (USGS information policy); approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-11 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-11-owner-top-sources)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL, European Commission JRC)`jrc.ghsl`	jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
WorldPop gridded population and REST API (University of Southampton)`worldpop.population`	hub.worldpop.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
INFORM Risk Index (European Commission JRC, Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre)`jrc.inform.risk`	drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Statistics Canada Web Data Service (WDS) and 2021 Census Profile (SDMX API, CSD / DA level)`statcan.wds-census`	www150.statcan.gc.ca	Statistics Canada Open Licence (statcan.gc.ca/en/terms-conditions/open-licence, date modified… Statistics Canada Open Licence (statcan.gc.ca/en/terms-conditions/open-licence, date modified 2025-07-10; no version number stated)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NRCan CanElevation High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (HRDEM, DTM / DSM; STAC and GeoTIFF)`nrcan.canelevation.hrdem`	datacube.services.geo.ca	Open Government Licence - Canada 2.0 (stated on the open.canada.ca dataset record 957782bf-847c-4644-a757-e383c0057995)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NRCan Flood Hazard Identification and Mapping Program (FHIMP) flood hazard data`nrcan.flood-hazard-mapping`	natural-resources.canada.ca	Not stated on the FHIMP programme page (retrieved 2026-10-11); NRCan open.canada.ca records use… Not stated on the FHIMP programme page (retrieved 2026-10-11); NRCan open.canada.ca records use the Open Government Licence - Canada 2.0, but provincial and municipal flood maps produced with FHIMP funding may carry their own licences. Per-dataset check required.	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
City of Toronto Open Data portal (CKAN API)`toronto.open-data`	ckan0.cf.opendata.inter.prod-toronto.ca	Open Government Licence - Toronto 1.0 (open.toronto.ca/open-data-licence, retrieved 2026-10-11)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Ontario Data Catalogue (data.ontario.ca, CKAN API)`ontario.data-catalogue`	data.ontario.ca	Open Government Licence - Ontario 1.0 (ontario.ca/page/open-government-licence-ontario, retrieved 2026-10-11)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenStreetMap Foundation standard tile server, BLOCKED for Nexus`osm.tiles.osmf-standard`	operations.osmfoundation.org	ODbL-1.0	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
OpenStreetMap US community tile service (default tiles of the OSM Americana style), BLOCKED for Nexus`osm-us.tile-service`	tiles.openstreetmap.us	ODbL-1.0	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
OSM Americana map style (CC0 style code, drawn on the self-hosted OpenMapTiles archive)`osm.americana.style`	github.com	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenMapTiles vector tile schema and cartographic design`openmaptiles.schema`	github.com	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Shortbread vector tile schema (VersaTiles basemap schema)`shortbread.schema`	shortbread-tiles.org	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Protomaps basemap daily planet builds (PMTiles, ODbL produced work), copied to Nexus storage`protomaps.basemap.daily-builds`	maps.protomaps.com	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Protomaps hosted Tile API, BLOCKED (commercial use requires paid sponsorship)`protomaps.api.hosted`	protomaps.com	ODbL-1.0	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
MapLibre demo tiles and style, BLOCKED (demo / CI set containing CC BY-NC-SA imagery)`maplibre.demotiles`	github.com	LicenseRef-Mixed-Including-CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
Overture Maps base theme (land, water, land use, infrastructure; GeoParquet, ODbL family)`overture.base`	docs.overturemaps.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Overture Maps transportation theme (segments, connectors; GeoParquet, ODbL family)`overture.transportation`	docs.overturemaps.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Overture Maps divisions theme (administrative divisions and boundaries; GeoParquet, ODbL family)`overture.divisions`	docs.overturemaps.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Overture Maps addresses theme, BLOCKED until a per-source licence gate exists`overture.addresses`	docs.overturemaps.org	Per-source ("All carry permissive open licenses. Some have special terms or require attribution."); not uniform	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Overture official PMTiles (overturemaps-extras bucket), BLOCKED for production by the publisher`overture.pmtiles.inspection`	docs.overturemaps.org	LicenseRef-Overture-Per-Theme	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
Natural Earth vector and raster data, all scales (1:10m, 1:50m, 1:110m), bundled same-origin`naturalearth.all-scales`	www.naturalearthdata.com	LicenseRef-Public-Domain-Natural-Earth	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Microsoft Global ML Building Footprints (permissive family)`microsoft.global-ml-building-footprints`	github.com	CDLA-Permissive-2.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Google Open Buildings v3 polygons (used under CC BY 4.0, permissive family)`google.open-buildings.v3`	sites.research.google	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Google Open Buildings 2.5D Temporal dataset, BLOCKED (licence not stated on the retrieved page)`google.open-buildings.temporal`	sites.research.google	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GEBCO global bathymetric grid (self-hosted bathymetry / hillshade tiles)`gebco.grid`	www.gebco.net	LicenseRef-Public-Domain-GEBCO	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenAerialMap / Open Imagery Network imagery (per-image COGs, CC BY 4.0)`openaerialmap.oin`	openaerialmap.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
EOxCloudless / Sentinel-2 cloudless mosaics (all years), BLOCKED (commercial use needs an EOX licence)`eox.sentinel2-cloudless`	cloudless.eox.at	LicenseRef-EOX-Commercial-Attribution-RestrictedUse-1.2	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
Mapzen / AWS Terrain Tiles (Terrarium, multi-source), BLOCKED (EU-DEM component licence not stated)`aws.terrain-tiles.mapzen`	registry.opendata.aws	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
OpenSeaMap seamark chart tiles, BLOCKED (no tile usage policy published; render seamarks from the OSM planet instead)`openseamap.chart-tiles`	wiki.openstreetmap.org	CC-BY-SA-2.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
OpenRailwayMap tile servers, BLOCKED for for-profit use by the operator`openrailwaymap.tiles`	wiki.openstreetmap.org	CC-BY-SA-2.0	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
Wikimedia Maps tile service, BLOCKED (Wikimedia projects only)`wikimedia.maps.tiles`	foundation.wikimedia.org	ODbL-1.0	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
Who's On First gazetteer, BLOCKED until a per-source licence gate exists`whosonfirst.gazetteer`	whosonfirst.org	Per-source (CC BY 2.5 / 3.0 / 4.0, CC0, MPL-2.0, Open Government Licences, custom terms, some… Per-source (CC BY 2.5 / 3.0 / 4.0, CC0, MPL-2.0, Open Government Licences, custom terms, some sources with no licence link)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
OpenAddresses aggregated address data, BLOCKED until a per-source licence gate exists`openaddresses.global`	github.com	Per-source; the data "is not relicensed from the original sources" and "Individual sources will have their own licenses"	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GeoNames gazetteer (daily dumps, self-hosted)`geonames.gazetteer`	www.geonames.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
USGS The National Map basemap services and data (US public domain)`usgs.national-map`	www.usgs.gov	LicenseRef-US-Public-Domain	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Copernicus Land Monitoring Service products (CORINE, high-resolution layers, global land products)`copernicus.clms.land`	land.copernicus.eu	LicenseRef-Copernicus-Data-Policy	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
IMF data services (DataMapper, SDMX: WEO/IFS)`imf.data`	data.imf.org	"IMF terms — attribution required" (adapter string; terms version not recorded)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
WHO Global Health Observatory (OData API)`who.gho`	www.who.int	"WHO CC BY-NC-SA / terms" (adapter string; not verified)	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
FAOSTAT statistical database`fao.faostat`	www.fao.org	CC BY 4.0 unless the dataset metadata states otherwise; third-party series excluded (FAO… CC BY 4.0 unless the dataset metadata states otherwise; third-party series excluded (FAO database terms of use, https://www.fao.org/contact-us/terms/db-terms-of-use/en/, read 2026-10-19); the earlier adapter string read CC BY-NC-SA	PROHIBITED	`PROHIBITED`
UNHCR Refugee Data Finder API`unhcr.refugee-statistics`	www.unhcr.org	"CC BY 4.0" (adapter string; not verified)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
ACLED Armed Conflict Location & Event Data`acled.events`	acleddata.com	ACLED End User License Agreement (EULA), "Last Updated 8 July 2025" (retrieved 2026-10-12; not… ACLED End User License Agreement (EULA), "Last Updated 8 July 2025" (retrieved 2026-10-12; not an open licence and not yet reviewed by Legal/IP)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset (GED) and Candidate Events (Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Uppsala University)`ucdp.ged`	ucdp.uu.se	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
DesInventar disaster loss databases (UNDRR)`undrr.desinventar`	www.desinventar.net	"DesInventar / UNDRR terms / fixture metadata" (connector string)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification`ipc.classification`	www.ipcinfo.org	"IPC public" (connector string; terms not recorded)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network data`fewsnet.data`	fews.net	"FEWS NET terms / fixture metadata" (connector string)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
NGFS climate scenarios (IIASA NGFS Scenario Explorer)`ngfs.scenarios`	data.ece.iiasa.ac.at	Not recorded in the repository; scenario-explorer terms must be recorded by Legal/IP per phase	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
JRC global flood depth-damage functions (Huizinga, de Moel, Szewczyk 2017, EUR 28552 EN)`jrc.global-flood-depth-damage`	publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu	Not recorded in the repository; the report and its database are JRC publications whose reuse… Not recorded in the repository; the report and its database are JRC publications whose reuse terms (EC legal notice or a dataset-specific licence) must be confirmed by Legal/IP	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 5 (ISIC Rev.5), United Nations Statistics Division`un.isic-rev5`	unstats.un.org	United Nations publication; reuse terms not recorded in the repository. The UN website terms of… United Nations publication; reuse terms not recorded in the repository. The UN website terms of use page (un.org) could not be retrieved when this row was written (HTTP 403), so no licence text was read. Legal/IP must record the UN terms of use and any ISIC-specific copyright statement	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Earth Index embeddings (Earth Genome; SoftCon, 384-d, Sentinel-2 annual mosaics, GeoParquet points)`earthgenome.earth-index.embeddings`	source.coop	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Panoramax street-level pictures (federated instances; per-picture licence)`panoramax.street-level.pictures`	api.panoramax.xyz	Per picture as stated by the originating instance (etalab-2.0 or CC-BY-SA-4.0 observed 2026-10-12)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Mapillary street-level images (Graph API v4)`mapillary.street-level.images`	www.mapillary.com	CC-BY-SA-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
NASA ICESat-2 ATLAS products ATL03, ATL06 and ATL08 (NSIDC DAAC)`nasa.icesat2.atlas`	nsidc.org	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
NASA GEDI footprint products L2A, L2B (LP DAAC) and L4A (ORNL DAAC)`nasa.gedi.footprints`	gedi.umd.edu	NASA Earth Science Data and Information Policy (full and open sharing; citation requested)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
NOAA GFS forecast (global 0.25 degree, 0-16 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.2.7)`dynamical.noaa-gfs-forecast`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA GFS analysis (global 0.25 degree, hourly) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.0)`dynamical.noaa-gfs-analysis`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA GEFS ensemble forecast (global, 31 members, 0-35 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.2.0)`dynamical.noaa-gefs-forecast-35-day`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA GEFS analysis (global 0.25 degree) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.2)`dynamical.noaa-gefs-analysis`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA HRRR forecast (CONUS 3 km, 0-48 hour) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.0)`dynamical.noaa-hrrr-forecast-48-hour`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA HRRR analysis (CONUS 3 km, hourly) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.2.0)`dynamical.noaa-hrrr-analysis`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA MRMS CONUS hourly precipitation analysis (0.01 degree) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.3.0)`dynamical.noaa-mrms-conus-analysis-hourly`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
ECMWF IFS ENS forecast (global 0.25 degree, 51 members, 0-15 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.0)`dynamical.ecmwf-ifs-ens-forecast-15-day-0-25-degree`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
ECMWF AIFS Single forecast (global 0.25 degree, 0-15 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.1.0)`dynamical.ecmwf-aifs-single-forecast`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
DWD ICON-EU forecast (Europe, 0-5 day) via dynamical.org (Zarr v0.2.0)`dynamical.dwd-icon-eu-forecast-5-day`	dynamical.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
CelesTrak GP orbital element sets (OMM JSON) for the Maps satellite layer`celestrak.gp.elements`	celestrak.org	CelesTrak usage policy (free public GP data; attribution to CelesTrak; one download per group per 2-hour update cycle)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
SGP4 verification element sets and reference states (Vallado, Crawford, Hujsak, Kelso, AIAA 2006-6753)`aiaa-2006-6753.sgp4-verification`	celestrak.org	Published verification data accompanying the AIAA 2006-6753 paper; no explicit licence stated	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program GeoJSON summary feeds for the Maps live earthquake layer`usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds`	earthquake.usgs.gov	U.S. Government work (public domain); USGS asks that it be acknowledged as the source; approved… U.S. Government work (public domain); USGS asks that it be acknowledged as the source; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-20 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-20-owner-hex-coherence, adopting the KEEP decision in docs/legal/LICENCE_DECISIONS_AND_AUDIT_2026-10-19.md)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
USGS ShakeMap event products (grid.xml MMI / PGA grid and MMI contours) for live event response and exposure accumulation`usgs.shakemap.event-products`	earthquake.usgs.gov	U.S. Government work (public domain); USGS asks that it be acknowledged as the source; approved… U.S. Government work (public domain); USGS asks that it be acknowledged as the source; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-16 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-16-owner-hex-integrations)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NOAA NHC / CPHC tropical cyclone advisory GIS (active storms, wind swath, forecast wind radii, forecast cone) for live event response`noaa.nhc.advisory-gis`	www.nhc.noaa.gov	U.S. Government work (NOAA/NWS), public domain; not to be modified and presented as official… U.S. Government work (NOAA/NWS), public domain; not to be modified and presented as official government material; no endorsement implied; approved with conditions by the repository owner on 2026-10-16 (legal/registers/legal-approvals.yaml#LA-2026-10-16-owner-hex-integrations)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NASA FIRMS near-real-time active fire detections (area API, VIIRS / MODIS) for the Maps live fire layer`nasa.firms.area-active-fires`	firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov	NASA Earth science data and information policy (no restriction on use; citation requested);… NASA Earth science data and information policy (no restriction on use; citation requested); FIRMS transaction limits per MAP_KEY	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GTFS-Realtime vehicle positions from feeds registered by an administrator (per agency) for the Maps transit layer`gtfs-rt.tenant-registered-vehicle-positions`	gtfs.org	Per agency feed licence (recorded in the Geo Provider Registry licence acknowledgement note for each feed)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Fintraffic Digitraffic marine AIS positions and vessel metadata (Finnish AIS reporting area) for the Maps live vessel layer`fintraffic.digitraffic.marine-ais`	www.digitraffic.fi	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Fintraffic Digitraffic road weather camera stations and preset images for the Maps live traffic camera layer`fintraffic.digitraffic.road-weathercam`	www.digitraffic.fi	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
IGN LiDAR HD classified point clouds (France; COPC LAZ, Lambert-93, IGN69 heights)`ign.lidar-hd.point-clouds`	www.data.gouv.fr	etalab-2.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
USGS 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) LiDAR as Entwine Point Tiles (AWS Open Data, usgs-lidar-public)`usgs.3dep.ept`	registry.opendata.aws	LicenseRef-US-Government-Public-Domain	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland AHN5 point clouds (LAZ per map sheet, RD New + NAP, EPSG:7415)`ahn.ahn5.point-clouds`	www.ahn.nl	CC0-1.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Fields of the World global field boundaries (PRUE model predictions on Sentinel-2, GeoParquet partitioned by country)`ftw.global-field-boundaries`	source.coop	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Public GIS portal directory (US federal, 50 states + DC, cities, counties, regional bodies; HUB Ocean Ocean Data Platform)`gis-portal-directory`	platform/source-registry/gis-portal-directory.yaml	NOASSERTION	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
GTFS Schedule (static) transit feeds uploaded by a workspace or read from a registered agency feed URL, for the transit feed registry and transit plans`gtfs-static.tenant-registered-schedule-feeds`	gtfs.org	Per agency feed licence, declared by the registering tenant per feed version (SPDX id or terms… Per agency feed licence, declared by the registering tenant per feed version (SPDX id or terms URL) and recorded with its attribution text	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Open-Meteo weather and flood API data (forecast, archived forecasts, GloFAS river discharge)`open-meteo.weather-flood-data`	open-meteo.com	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`PROHIBITED`
NASA GIBS WMTS imagery (EPSG:4326) for the Water Nexus map`nasa.gibs.water-layers`	gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
GPM IMERG precipitation rate (daily and half-hourly, near real time) via NASA GIBS`nasa.gpm.imerg`	gpm.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
VIIRS near-real-time products via NASA GIBS: Global Flood Product (3-day), land surface temperature, NDSI snow cover, corrected reflectance`nasa.lance.viirs-water`	www.earthdata.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
SMAP Level 4 analysed soil moisture (surface, root zone) and snow mass via NASA GIBS`nasa.smap.l4`	nsidc.org	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
GHRSST MUR sea surface temperature anomaly (MUR25) and sea ice concentration (MUR) via NASA GIBS`nasa.podaac.ghrsst-mur`	podaac.jpl.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
GRACE and GRACE-FO JPL mascon liquid water equivalent thickness anomaly (monthly) via NASA GIBS`nasa.podaac.grace-fo-mascon`	grace.jpl.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
GLDAS Noah land surface model underground soil moisture (monthly) via NASA GIBS`nasa.gesdisc.gldas`	ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NASA Blue Marble shaded relief and bathymetry (static composite) via NASA GIBS`nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble`	earthobservatory.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003 greyscale shaded relief via NASA GIBS`nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3`	doi.org	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NASA GIBS WMTS imagery (EPSG:4326) for the Energy, Food, Health and Biodiversity Nexus maps`nasa.gibs.field-layers`	gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NASA GIBS reference layers (Coastlines, Reference_Features, Reference_Labels), OpenStreetMap-derived, EPSG:3857`nasa.gibs.reference-osm`	gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights (daily VNP46A2 gap-filled radiance; 2016 composite) via NASA GIBS`nasa.laads.black-marble`	blackmarble.gsfc.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
FIRMS VIIRS 375 m active fires and thermal anomalies (near real time, vector tiles) via NASA GIBS`nasa.lance.firms`	firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
MERRA-2 reanalysis monthly incident shortwave over land and dust surface PM2.5 via NASA GIBS`nasa.gmao.merra2`	gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products (aerosol optical depth, cloud fraction) via NASA GIBS`nasa.modis-viirs.atmosphere`	www.earthdata.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
MODIS land products (NDVI, EVI, gross primary production, IGBP land cover) via NASA GIBS`nasa.modis-viirs.land`	lpdaac.usgs.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OMI tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP) via NASA GIBS`nasa.gesdisc.aura-omi-omps`	disc.gsfc.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
MODIS Aqua ocean colour chlorophyll-a (Level 2) via NASA GIBS`nasa.obdaac.ocean-color`	oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
WRI Global Power Plant Database v1.3.0 (2021) for the Energy Nexus map`wri.global-power-plant-database`	datasets.wri.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water risk (2023 release) summarised to hexagons for the Water and Food Nexus maps`wri.aqueduct-4`	www.wri.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
SEDAC Gridded Population of the World v4.11 population density (2020) via NASA GIBS for the Health Nexus map`sedac.gpw-v4`	doi.org	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NASA GIBS WMTS imagery (EPSG:3857) for the live, observed and reference layers of the public context maps`nasa.gibs.context-live-layers`	gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NASA SEDAC settlement and urban heat layers via NASA GIBS (HBASE 2010, urban expansion to 2030, urban heat island 2013)`sedac.context-urban-layers`	gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenStreetMap-derived place names and borders rendered by NASA GIBS (Reference_Labels_15m)`osm.gibs-reference-labels`	gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Open-Meteo free API on the three non-profit public sites (forecast ensemble, air quality, flood, marine, ERA5 archive)`open-meteo.public-pages`	open-meteo.com	CC-BY-4.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`PROHIBITED`
NASA POWER daily point meteorology and solar data (public context maps)`nasa.power`	power.larc.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalogue (JSON and CSV feeds) for the Technology and Digital Systems faculty incident timeline`cisa.kev-catalogue`	www.cisa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map geocoded cable and landing-station data (not licensed; recorded so it is not used by accident)`telegeography.submarine-cable-map`	www.submarinecablemap.com	Underlying geocoded data: paid annual licence only ('With an annual license, you can use these… Underlying geocoded data: paid annual licence only ('With an annual license, you can use these data sets for interactive maps, data visualizations, and more', https://www2.telegeography.com/license-geocoded-map-data; 'Access to the underlying databases remains restricted to paying subscribers', https://www2.telegeography.com/cite-telegeography-map, both read 2026-10-17). Public map images: 'Any reference to a TeleGeography map, URL, or any related screen capture' is CC BY-SA 4.0 with credit; 'TeleGeography's interactive cable map is not an embeddable resource' (same page).	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
OpenStreetMap submarine and terrestrial communication cables (communication=line features), build-time extract for the Technology and Digital Systems faculty twin`osm.submarine-cables`	www.openstreetmap.org	ODbL-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
United Nations Treaty Collection (treaties.un.org): status of multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary-General and treaty membership (not admitted; UN terms)`un.treaty-collection`	treaties.un.org	Terms and Conditions of Use of United Nations Web Sites… Terms and Conditions of Use of United Nations Web Sites (https://www.un.org/en/about-us/terms-of-use, linked from the treaties.un.org footer, read 2026-10-17): permission to download and copy materials is 'for the User's personal, non-commercial use, without any right to resell or redistribute them or to compile or create derivative works therefrom' without permission; UN copyright notice (https://www.un.org/en/about-us/copyright, read 2026-10-17): 'All rights reserved' and no material 'may be used, reproduced or transmitted ... except as provided for in the Terms and Conditions of Use of United Nations Web Sites, without permission in writing from the publisher'	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`PROHIBITED`
UNdata (United Nations Statistics Division data portal) series on the Risk Academy non-profit public pages`un.data.public-pages`	data.un.org	UNdata terms of use (https://data.un.org/Host.aspx?Content=UNdataUse, read 2026-10-17): 'All… UNdata terms of use (https://data.un.org/Host.aspx?Content=UNdataUse, read 2026-10-17): 'All data and metadata provided on UNdata's website are available free of charge' and 'may be copied freely, duplicated and further distributed provided that UNdata is cited as the reference'; no commercial or non-commercial distinction and no automated-access restriction stated on the page	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
NASA SEDAC Global Agricultural Lands: Croplands, 2000 (CIESIN_SEDAC_AGLANDS_CROP2000 v1.0) for the Systems and Nexus Studies faculty twin`sedac.aglands-croplands-2000`	doi.org	NASA CMR use constraints for the collection… NASA CMR use constraints for the collection (https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/collections.umm_json?keyword=Global%20Agricultural%20Lands%20Croplands%202000, read 2026-10-17): 'Users are free to use, copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work for commercial and non-commercial purposes, without restriction, as long as clear attribution of the source is provided'; no LicenseURL or LicenseText field	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
USGS ShakeMap and PAGER event products (event detail GeoJSON, ShakeMap grid and MMI contours, PAGER alert level and exposure) on the Risk Academy non-profit public pages`usgs.shakemap-pager.public-pages`	earthquake.usgs.gov	U.S. Government work, public domain ('USGS-authored or produced data and information are… U.S. Government work, public domain ('USGS-authored or produced data and information are considered to be in the U.S. Public Domain'; 'When using information from USGS information products, publications, or websites, we ask that proper credit be given', https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits, read 2026-10-17)	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Terrain Tiles (Terrarium PNG, elevation-tiles-prod on the AWS Registry of Open Data) as the browser-direct 3D terrain and hillshade of the Risk Academy twin builders`aws.terrain-tiles.academy-public`	elevation-tiles-prod.s3.amazonaws.com	LicenseRef-Terrain-Tiles-Composite-Open	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
NASA GIBS WMTS imagery (EPSG:3857) for the raster studio of the Risk Academy twin builders: true colour, sea surface temperature, land surface temperature, snow, sea ice, aerosols, night lights, precipitation, root-zone soil moisture, monthly air temperature and terrestrial water storage`nasa.gibs.academy-engine-layers`	gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov	CC0-1.0	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS) API (api.first.org) as a browser-direct input of the Risk Academy vulnerability triage generator`first.epss.academy-public`	api.first.org	LicenseRef-FIRST-EPSS-Free-Use	APPROVED_WITH_CONDITIONS	`ALLOWED`
OpenAlex scholarly graph (works, authors, institutions, sources, topics)`openalex.works`	openalex.org	CC0-1.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Crossref REST API (bibliographic metadata of registered works)`crossref.rest-api`	api.crossref.org	Bibliographic metadata, almost none of it subject to copyright, usable for any purpose; some… Bibliographic metadata, almost none of it subject to copyright, usable for any purpose; some abstracts may be subject to publisher or author copyright (crossref.org REST API documentation, read 2026-10-19)	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Wikidata structured data (Query Service and dumps)`wikidata.cc0`	www.wikidata.org	CC0-1.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) data via the Atmosphere Data Store`copernicus.cams.ads`	ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu	CC-BY-4.0	LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED	`LEGAL_REVIEW_REQUIRED`

Data and licences

Indicators and domains

451 indicators NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices GRIx indicator catalogue

CLIClimate17 series
CONConflict10 series
FINFinance8 series
GOVGovernance17 series
HAZHazards13 series
INFInfrastructure16 series
CRSCrisis7 series
CYBCyber19 series
DEMDemography6 series
ECOEconomy13 series
ENEEnergy13 series
ENVEnvironment11 series
FISFiscal7 series
FOOFood10 series
HLTHealth12 series
MACMacro6 series
SOCSociety12 series
SPCSpace5 series
TECTechnology26 series
WATWater10 series

The 20 domain indices

GRIx Climate physical hazard indexNXS-GRX-AR-000112
GRIx Climate transition exposure indexNXS-GRX-AR-000113
GRIx Conflict risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000114
GRIx Lack of coping capacity indexNXS-GRX-AR-000115
GRIx Cyber risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000116
GRIx Displacement pressure indexNXS-GRX-AR-000117
GRIx External dependence risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000118
GRIx Energy security risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000119
GRIx Environmental pressure indexNXS-GRX-AR-000120
GRIx Financial stability risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000121
GRIx Fiscal and public debt risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000122
GRIx Food insecurity risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000123
GRIx Governance weakness indexNXS-GRX-AR-000124
GRIx Multi-hazard exposure indexNXS-GRX-AR-000125
GRIx Health security risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000126
GRIx Infrastructure fragility indexNXS-GRX-AR-000127
GRIx Socio-economic vulnerability indexNXS-GRX-AR-000128
GRIx Space-weather exposure indexNXS-GRX-AR-000129
GRIx Technology concentration risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000130
GRIx Water security risk indexNXS-GRX-AR-000131

Nexus Standards

NRS-A5Built-in licensing and rightsLicensing: deny by default; withheld values are counted.
NRS-A7Accessibility, plain language and translation of standardsAccessibility: WCAG 2.2 AA on every page and figure.
NRS-C1Risk vocabulary and ontologyVocabulary and ontology: NIS-1 indicators and NHS-1 hazards as the native terms.
NRS-C4Risk data model, identifiers and exchangeRisk records, identifiers and exchange: UNIs, observation keys, SDMX-compatible series.
NRS-C8Evidence, uncertainty and provenanceEvery value carries its evidence class, interval and provenance; missing is never zero.
NRS-C12Risk disclosure and reportingDisclosure and reporting: method versions, release notes, the correction log.
NRS-C13Risk indicators and composite indicesConstruction of every index: normalisation, weighting, aggregation, sensitivity and uncertainty (OECD/JRC handbook).
NRS-I2Risk communication and public-safe dashboardsRisk communication and public-safe dashboards: classes with probabilities, no league tables.
NRS-I3Model and data cards for riskModel and data cards for every model version and dataset.
NRS-M22Method fabric: Risk dataRisk data: licence-gated sources, harmonisation, quality dimensions.
NRS-M23Method fabric: Scientific assuranceScientific assurance: validation, verification scorecards, replication packs.
NRS-S6System profile: GRIx (Canonical data, provenance and risk)The GRIx system profile: canonical data, provenance and risk.

Nexus Standards

Country profiles

Filter countries195

Country profiles · the world

Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. Correct a value or reply · all country profiles

Hazard domains

905 hazards NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs GRIx hazards

Atmosphere and weather54 hazards · 8 families · 289 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000135
Solid Earth47 hazards · 6 families · 190 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000138
Systemic and compound events47 hazards · 4 families · 257 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000148
Water systems41 hazards · 5 families · 318 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000136
Ice and snow18 hazards · 3 families · 59 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000137
Space and near-Earth17 hazards · 2 families · 54 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000139
Land and ecosystems39 hazards · 6 families · 207 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000140
Planetary boundaries and Earth-system tipping58 hazards · 7 families · 134 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000141
Pollution and hazardous substances63 hazards · 9 families · 207 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000142
Health and biosecurity124 hazards · 21 families · 260 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000143
Built systems110 hazards · 13 families · 371 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000144
Information and cyber-physical systems48 hazards · 6 families · 127 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000145
Frontier and exponential technology109 hazards · 16 families · 186 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000146
Society, conflict and economy130 hazards · 14 families · 389 expert relationsNXS-GRX-AR-000147

Geodata and API

Public API not live

/api/v1/public/grixhttps://risksindex.com/api/v1/public/grix

Developers · Data · Contribute

api.risksindex.com not live

UNI NS-1

NXS-<SCOPE>-<CAT>[-<DOMAIN>][-<SECTOR>][-<REGION>][-<ENV>]-<SERIAL>[@<VERSION>]https://nexustandards.com/uni/{uni}

UNIs are allocated by the Nexus Standards catalogue (NS1-R2), never typed by hand.

Maps and basemaps
- Risk Observatory mapliveopen
- Self-hosted vector basemapgatedpublic
- Terrain and elevationgatedpublic
- Administrative boundariestestedplatform
Vector tiles
- GRIx risk product tilestestedpublic
- Tenant risk product tilestestedenterprise
- Hexagon lens tilestestedplatform
- Tile enginesgatedplatform
Raster and imagery
- Satellite imagery overlaysgatedopen
- Cloud-optimised raster tilesgatedplatform
- STAC mosaic tilesgatedplatform
- Earth-observation datacubestestedplatform
Catalogues and standard APIs
- STAC APIbuiltplatform
- OGC API Processesbuiltplatform
- OGC API DGGSbuiltplatform
- 3D Tiles and point cloudsgatedplatform
Spatial science and GeoAI
- Exposure on H3 cellstestedenterprise
- Geostatistical interpolationtestedenterprise
- Spatial autocorrelationbuiltenterprise
- Spatially blocked validationtestedenterprise
- Conflict exposure on H3 cellsbuiltenterprise
- Change detection from imagerytestedplatform
- GeoAI labellingbuiltplatform
- Earth-observation foundation modelsgatedplatform
- Spatial risk fieldsbuiltplatform
Live feeds and nowcasting
- Natural eventsgatedopen
- Earthquakesgatedopen
- Precipitation and cloud nowcast imagerygatedopen
- Nowcasting modelsplannedenterprise

People · GHSL 2025People · WorldPop 2025Built-up areaPortsAirportsRoadsRailwaysRivers and lake centrelines Made with Natural Earth, Public domain

Live

Natural events (NASA EONET)NASA EONET · 1 h
–not loaded
Earthquakes M4.5+, past week (USGS)U.S. Geological Survey · 5 min
–not loaded

Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.

AI and Financial Model Risk

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AI and Financial Model Risk

AI and Financial Model Risk in seven parts.

What the work is read against.

Model risk lifecycle.

Model risk lifecycle

Lifecycle

Models

Validation scope

The questions this field works on.

Model risk governance

Credit and pricing models

Generative AI in finance

Explainability and fairness

Model monitoring and drift

Human in the loop controls

Third party models

Stress and scenario models

When a run, a panic or an adoption tips.

Methods

Data

Shared understanding of model risk, not validation.

Inventory, testing and monitoring

Methods and research

Who it is for

What AI and Financial Model Risk means for exposure, loss and capital.

Transmission channels

Scenario pathways

What AI and Financial Model Risk does.

Its community

Its methods

Its outputs

Models are now part of the financial system’s plumbing.

Grounded in method, linked to science and governance.

The areas of artificial intelligence this platform takes on.

Model risk governance

Credit and pricing models

Generative AI

Explainability and fairness

Monitoring and drift

Human oversight

Third-party models

Stress and scenario models

Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

How work moves in this field.

How this works across the six pillars.

Handoffs in play

The same field, seen three ways.

Pages in AI and Financial Model Risk.

Industry scope and publisher

Financial discipline overview

Professional research

Technology and emerging practices

Resilience and finance readiness

Research and industry programmes

Analytical and data resources

Professional community

Professional learning

Professional meetings

Reports and sector briefs

Membership and research participation

Contact the industry platform

Antitrust, independence and financial perimeter

STEM foundation of AI and Financial Model Risk

How work moves in this field

Build in Foundry

Test in Universe

Publish in Reports

The same field across the Consortium

Topics

Where this page leads across the Consortium.

Questions and answers.

Contribute evidence from this page.

How AI and Financial Model Risk works.

How AI and Financial Model Risk works

How AI and Financial Model Risk works

01 Scope

02 Evidence

03 Work

04 Publish

Take part in AI and Financial Model Risk.