GRA · Pembayaran dan Infrastruktur Pasar
Keuangan spasialTempat modal bertemu bahaya, keterpaparan, dan transisi
Ikhtisar disiplin keuangan
Payments and financial market infrastructure is the part of the financial system that moves money and securities between parties and records who owns what. This page describes the sector, how its risks are managed and why its operational resilience matters, as a matter of research and shared understanding. It describes how the sector works; it does not execute, advise on or test anything.
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The infrastructures and who runs them.
Retail and large-value systems
Skema kartu, lembaga kliring otomatis, Sistem pembayaran instan, dan sistem penyelesaian bruto real time, yang dioperasikan oleh bank sentral dan operator swasta.
Kliring dan penyelesaian
Lembaga kliring sentral, lembaga penyimpanan efek sentral, dan sistem penyelesaian efek yang menuntaskan transaksi.
Messaging and data
Financial messaging networks, trade repositories and the technology providers on which all of them rely.
Ikhtisar bidang.
Layar yang akan digunakan sebuah tim untuk mengikuti subjek ini: ukuran, status, dan keputusannya. Nama adalah contoh dan nilai bersifat ilustratif.
Types of infrastructure and their critical functions.
| Infrastruktur | Fungsi kritis |
|---|---|
| Large-value payment Sistem | Settlement of interbank and central bank payments |
| Fast and retail payment systems | Real-time payments for households and firms |
| Pihak lawan sentral | Kliring dan manajemen gagal bayar |
| Lembaga penyimpanan efek sentral dan sistem penyelesaian | Kustodi dan penyelesaian efek |
| Messaging and card networks | Instruction and authorisation flows |
Shocks travel between these parts, and Payments and Market Infrastructure studies the links: What fails with a node? The evidence base is PFMI disclosures, site geography, statistics.
Established principles, evolving practice.
Financial market infrastructures manage credit, liquidity, legal, custody, general business and operational risks. Internationally recognised principles for financial market infrastructures, issued by global standard-setting bodies, set expectations for each, and central banks and supervisors oversee infrastructures against them. Settlement finality, the legal point at which a transfer becomes irrevocable, is central to limiting contagion.
Risiko operasional telah menjadi perhatian utama. Infrastruktur diharapkan memulihkan operasi kritis dengan cepat setelah gangguan, termasuk dari serangan siber yang dapat merusak data. Memenuhi harapan tersebut sulit ketika suatu serangan dapat menyebar ke Sistemcadangan, dan ketika banyak infrastruktur bergantung pada penyedia yang sama.
Questions no single firm can answer alone.
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Saling ketergantungan
How infrastructures, participants and providers depend on each other. See third-party concentration.
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Failure modes
How outages and cyber incidents unfold across the system. See payment cyber security.
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Fallbacks
Which alternatives keep money moving in a disruption. See cash and digital resilience.
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Pengujian
How resilience can be tested credibly. See operational test methods.
The limits of the platform’s role.
Global Risks Alliance (GRA) is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, introduce counterparties or take transaction-based pay, and readiness work is not approval. GRA does not operate, connect to or test any live payment system, and it assesses no individual institution. How stress moves through and beyond these infrastructures is described at financial-system transmission.
Where this page’s references lead.
Badan dan dokumen yang menjadi acuan halaman ini. Status dan edisi berubah; setiap tautan menuju badan penerbitnya.
Pages in Financial discipline overview.
Tanya jawab.
Does GRA advise payment system operators?
Which methods does the platform rely on?
Is this the same as financial stability analysis?
Kontribusikan bukti dari halaman ini.
Laporan is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- SurelGerbang GW-GRAKirim dari halaman iniBukti, koreksi, kasus, metode, tinjauan, terjemahan, atau masukan profil. Kiriman tiba dengan label halaman ini, sehingga editor pemiliknya menerimanya.
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- LaporanGlobal Risks AllianceLihat semua cara berkontribusiJenis kontribusi, cara masing-masing ditinjau, kredit yang Anda terima, lisensinya, dan apa yang tidak pernah diterima.
Jangan pernah mengirim data pribadi, rincian infrastruktur sensitif, atau apa pun yang tidak berhak Anda bagikan. Kontribusi ditinjau sebelum digunakan. Mengirimkannya tidak memberikan hak kepenulisan atau editorial, dan sponsor tidak pernah membeli sebuah temuan.
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Informasi dan pertanyaan sudah terbuka hari ini. Sebuah pertanyaan menerima nomor referensi dan menyebutkan langkah berikutnya; lamaran, pembayaran, alokasi komputasi, dan pendaftaran hanya dibuka ketika tim, ketentuan, dan kapasitas tinjauannya tersedia.
Dokumen hukum.
Peta, data, dan gambar di situs ini ditampilkan untuk konteks dan informasi umum. Semua itu bukan nasihat, prakiraan, atau peringatan; batasan informasinya dijelaskan dalam Penafian dan Pemberitahuan Data.