GRA · Payments and Market Infrastructure
Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition
Financial discipline overview
Payments and financial market infrastructure is the part of the financial system that moves money and securities between parties and records who owns what. This page describes the sector, how its risks are managed and why its operational resilience matters, as a matter of research and shared understanding. It describes how the sector works; it does not execute, advise on or test anything.
- میتۆدەکانی STEM
- 6
- ئەو ڕێگا بنەڕەتییانەی ئەم بوارە بەکاریان دەهێنێت
- بابەتەکان
- 8
- لاپەڕەکانی بابەت لەم بوارەدا
- هاوتاکان
- 5
- پلاتفۆرمەکانی بوارە هاوبەشەکان لە ناو تۆڕەکەدا
- زنجیرەی ڕاپۆرت
- 2
- زنجیرەی Reports کە بەشدارییان تێدا دەکات
The infrastructures and who runs them.
Retail and large-value systems
Card schemes, automated clearing houses, instant payment سیستەمەکان and real-time gross settlement systems, operated by central banks and private operators.
Clearing and settlement
Central counterparties, central securities depositories and securities settlement systems that complete trades.
Messaging and data
Financial messaging networks, trade repositories and the technology providers on which all of them rely.
Field overview.
The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
Types of infrastructure and their critical functions.
| ژێرخان | Critical function |
|---|---|
| Large-value payment سیستەمەکان | Settlement of interbank and central bank payments |
| Fast and retail payment systems | Real-time payments for households and firms |
| Central counterparties | Clearing and default management |
| Central securities depositories and settlement systems | Custody and settlement of securities |
| Messaging and card networks | Instruction and authorisation flows |
Shocks travel between these parts, and Payments and Market Infrastructure studies the links: What fails with a node? The evidence base is PFMI disclosures, site geography, statistics.
Established principles, evolving practice.
Financial market infrastructures manage credit, liquidity, legal, custody, general business and operational risks. Internationally recognised principles for financial market infrastructures, issued by global standard-setting bodies, set expectations for each, and central banks and supervisors oversee infrastructures against them. Settlement finality, the legal point at which a transfer becomes irrevocable, is central to limiting contagion.
مەترسیی کارگێڕی has become a leading concern. Infrastructures are expected to recover critical operations quickly after disruption, including from cyber attacks that may corrupt data. Meeting such expectations is hard when an attack could spread to backup سیستەمەکان, and when many infrastructures depend on the same providers.
Questions no single firm can answer alone.
- 01
Interdependence
How infrastructures, participants and providers depend on each other. See third-party concentration.
- 02
Failure modes
How outages and cyber incidents unfold across the system. See payment cyber security.
- 03
Fallbacks
Which alternatives keep money moving in a disruption. See cash and digital resilience.
- 04
تاقیکردنەوە
How resilience can be tested credibly. See operational test methods.
The limits of the platform’s role.
Global Risks Alliance (GRA) is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, introduce counterparties or take transaction-based pay, and readiness work is not approval. GRA does not operate, connect to or test any live payment system, and it assesses no individual institution. How stress moves through and beyond these infrastructures is described at financial-system transmission.
Where this page’s references lead.
ئەو لەش و بەڵگەنامانەی ئەم لاپەڕەیەیان لەگەڵ دەخوێنرێتەوە. دۆخ و وەشانەکان دەگۆڕێن؛ هەر بەستەرێک دەچێتە لای لەشی دەرکەر.
Pages in Financial discipline overview.
پرسیار و وەڵام.
Does GRA advise payment system operators?
Which methods does the platform rely on?
Is this the same as financial stability analysis?
لەم لاپەڕەیەوە بەڵگە پێشکەش بکە.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- ئیمەیڵGateway GW-GRAلەم لاپەڕەیەوە بینێرەبەڵگە، ڕاستکردنەوە، بابەت، ڕێگا، پێداچوونەوە، وەرگێڕان یان تێکردنی پڕۆفایل. بە نیشانەی ئەم لاپەڕەیە دەگات، بۆ ئەوەی دەستکاریکەری خاوەنەکەی وەریبگرێت.
- Zenodoتەکیەی کراوەدایبنێ و بیدە بە کۆمەڵگاتۆماری خۆت لە Zenodo بە ORCID iD ی خۆت بڵاو بکەرەوە، پاشان لەوێ بیدە بە کۆمەڵگای Reports. سەرپەرشتیارەکان پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکەن؛ DOI هەر هی تۆیە.
- ReportsGlobal Risks Allianceهەموو ڕێگاکانی بەشداری ببینەجۆرەکانی بەشداری، هەریەکە چۆن پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکرێت، چ ناوبردنێک وەردەگریت، مۆڵەتەکە و ئەوەی هەرگیز وەرناگیرێت.
هەرگیز داتای کەسی، وردەکاریی هەستیاری ژێرخان یان هیچ شتێک مەنێرە کە مافی بڵاوکردنەوەت نییە. بەشدارییەک پێش بەکارهێنان پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکرێت؛ ناردنی ماف نابەخشێت بە نووسەرایەتی یان بەڕێوەبردنی ڕاگەیاندن، و پاڵپشتی دارایی هەرگیز دۆزینەوەیەک ناکڕێت.
Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.
زانیاری و پرسیار ئەمڕۆ کراوەن. پرسیارێک ژمارەی ئاماژەی پێدەدرێت و هەنگاوی دواتر دیاری دەکات؛ داواکاری، پارەدان، تەرخانکردنی کۆمپیوتەر و تۆمارکردن تەنیا کاتێک دەکرێنەوە کە تیم، مەرج و توانای پێداچوونەوەیان هەبێت.
بەڵگەنامە یاساییەکان.
نەخشە، داتا و وێنەکانی ئەم ماڵپەڕە بۆ ناوەڕۆک و زانیاریی گشتی پیشان دراون. ئامۆژگاری، پێشبینی یان ئاگادارکردنەوە نین؛ سنوورەکانی زانیارییەکە لە ڕەتکردنەوەی بەرپرسیارێتی و ئاگاداریی داتادا دەستنیشان کراون.