Reserving with development triangles
Chain ladder, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and stochastic methods project ultimate losses from development triangles, with the spread between methods reported as uncertainty.
GRA · 精算与量化风险
空间金融资本与危害、风险暴露和转型的交汇之处
Actuarial mathematics turns experience, exposure and assumptions into premiums, reserves and capital. On this platform it is the core discipline, applied under professional standards and with the judgement and documentation those standards require.
Actuarial mathematics applies probability, statistics and financial theory to measure and price contingent risks, particularly in insurance and pensions. It determines reserves and premiums for uncertain future obligations. In insurance and catastrophe, methods and modelling and capital markets and investment, actuarial methods determine whether risks can be insured and at what cost. They help assess accumulation of correlated losses across portfolios and regions. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.
Chain ladder, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and stochastic methods project ultimate losses from development triangles, with the spread between methods reported as uncertainty.
Expected losses, expenses, reinsurance costs and the cost of capital are combined into a technical premium, with each component documented.
Mortality tables and improvement assumptions are combined with discount rates to value annuities, with sensitivity to each assumption shown.
处于覆盖范围内的投资组合每年预期损失,以及保险公司和贷款机构定价所依据的 1/100 和 1/250 水平下的预期损失,均来自每个 巨灾模型 所用的同样三个模块。教学模型,所用数值为注明的示意值,并非预测。
控制措施
读数
| 重现期(年) | 强度(强度指数) | 损失(占价值的 %) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 1.27 | 0.00 |
| 4 | 1.91 | 0.00 |
| 7 | 2.47 | 0.00 |
| 13 | 3.00 | 0.00 |
| 24 | 3.51 | 0.00 |
| 44 | 4.02 | 0.00 |
| 82 | 4.53 | 23.55 |
| 154 | 5.03 | 26.44 |
| 287 | 5.53 | 28.87 |
| 536 | 6.03 | 30.88 |
| 1,000 | 6.53 | 32.53 |
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
Datasets and records used by actuarial mathematics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in 来源登记册.
| 数据 | 角色 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|
| Loss development triangles | Reserving | 已发布统计 |
| Exposure and policy data | Pricing | 已报告 |
| Mortality tables | Life valuation | 估算 |
风险官、监管者或财政部会要求的风险暴露、损失、情景和资本视图,以及它们据以报告的框架。结构遵循监管和精算实务。数值为说明性:绝非价格、评级或建议。
How losses from Actuarial mathematics at Actuarial and Quantitative Risk grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.
| 重现期 | 年概率 | 总损失 | 净损失 | 净额,资本 = 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/10(10 年一遇) | 0.10 | 14 | 10 | 10 |
| 1/50(50 年一遇) | 0.02 | 33 | 21 | 21 |
| 1/100(100 年一遇) | 0.01 | 46 | 27 | 27 |
| 1/250(250 年一遇) | 0.004 | 68 | 39 | 39 |
| 年均损失 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Assumptions are tested through experience studies and actual-versus-expected analysis. Independent actuarial review checks methods and results.
| 核查 | 如何开展 |
|---|---|
| Actual versus expected | Assumptions are compared with emerging experience |
| 同行评审 | Work is reviewed under professional standards |
| 敏感性 | Key assumptions are varied and effects reported |
Historical experience may not reflect emerging or correlated risks. Long-tail liabilities are sensitive to assumptions about future trends.
Actuarial and Quantitative Risk stewards actuarial mathematics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
切勿发送个人数据、敏感基础设施细节或您无权分享的任何内容。贡献在使用前会经过审查;发送贡献不赋予署名权或编辑权,赞助也绝不能换取研究结论。
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