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GRA · Insurance Nexus

Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition

Health and life insurance

Health and life insurance carry the risks of illness, disability, death and living longer than savings last. They sit beside social insurance and public health pergalan, and the boundary between private and public cover differs in every country. This page sets out how mortality, morbidity, longevity and pandemic risk develop, how they are measured, and which institutions decide what is covered, reserved and protected.

01Qeyd

Health and life insurance on the record.

02Pirs

Health and life insurance: how the risk develops.

Social, health and longevity risk. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mekanîzma

Longevity trend risk

Improvements in mortality accumulate over decades. A small misjudgement of the trend compounds across annuity and pension liabilities, and the error is recognised only slowly as experience emerges.

Mekanîzma

Morbidity and medical cost

Claims for illness and disability depend on incidence, recovery, treatment practice and the price of care. New therapies, ageing and changing diagnosis shift costs faster than tariffs and reserves adjust.

Mekanîzma

Pandemic shock

A pandemic raises mortality and morbidity at once, disrupts care, and hits asset values and operations at the same time, so life, health, business interruption and investment risks become correlated.

Mekanîzma

Selection and the public boundary

Voluntary cover attracts those who expect to claim; underwriting, waiting periods and pooling rules respond. Where public schemes withdraw or exclude, private cover meets demand it was not priced for.

03Erdnîgarî

Environmental exposure in the Gulf of Mexico coast.

Population density, daytime surface heat and haze over the Gulf of Mexico coast, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

Nexşeya înteraktîf JavaScript hewce dike; lîsteya qatan û çavkanî li jêr in.

Qat 3

Rûbirûbûna jîngehî, ji bo vê rûpelê

Derbarê vê qatê
Delîl
Texmînkirî
Çavkanî
Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Zanîngeha Columbia))
Peydakar
NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Zanîngeha Columbia)
Lîsans
CC BY 4.0
Berhema salê
null; texmîna li ser bingeha serjimariyê, statîk (2020)
Çareserî
torê nêzîkî 1 km
Nediyarî
Texmîna li ser bingeha serjimêriyê ya mirovan ji bo her kîlometre çargoşeyekê di 2020 de, wekî çarçoveya rûbirûbûnê tê nîşandan; ne jimara mirovên ji hêla tu metirsiyê ve bandor bûne ye.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
Derbarê vê qatê
Delîl
Çavdêrîkirî (ewrên mayinde hêj jî valahiyan dihêlin)
Çavkanî
VIIRS NOAA-20 Asta 3, 8-rojî (NASA LANCE)
Peydakar
NASA LANCE
Lîsans
Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Berhema salê
8-rojî; Berhevoka peykî ya 8-rojî; ewrên mayinde hêj jî valahiyan dihêlin
Nûtirîn di dema avakirinê de
2026-09-14
Çareserî
torê nêzîkî 1 km
Nediyarî
Germahiya rûyê axê ya peykî di 8 rojên ku bi dîroka nîşandayî diqedin de, nîşanderek ji rûbirûbûna germê; ne germahiya hewayê, ne îndeksa germê û ne hişyariya germê ye.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
Derbarê vê qatê
Delîl
Çavdêrîkirî (ewr valahiyan dihêlin)
Çavkanî
VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD (NASA LANCE)
Peydakar
NASA LANCE
Lîsans
Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Berhema salê
rojane; Bidestxistina peykî; ewr valahiyan dihêlin
Nûtirîn di dema avakirinê de
2026-10-14
Çareserî
torê nêzîkî 2 km
Nediyarî
Pîvana peykî ya tarî, dûman û tozê di tevahiya stûna hewayê de di roja tê nîşandan de; nîşanderek rûbirûbûnê ye, ne PM2.5 ya asta erdê, ne nîşandera kalîteya hewayê û ne hişyariyeke tenduristiyê ye.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
Derbarê vê qatê
Delîl
Çavdêrîkirî
Çavkanî
VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
Peydakar
NASA LAADS DAAC
Lîsans
Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Berhema salê
rojane; Tîrêjiya peykî, ji bo ronahiya heyvê û atmosferê hatiye rastkirin
Nûtirîn di dema avakirinê de
2026-10-12
Çareserî
torê nêzîkî 500 m
Nediyarî
Tîrêja şevê ya peykî ji bo roja tê nîşandan; ronahî nîşanek e ji bo karanîna elektrîkê û qutbûnê, ne pîvandina peydakirin an gihîştinê ye.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
Derbarê vê qatê
Delîl
Çavdêrîkirî (ewr valahiyan dihêlin)
Çavkanî
VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)
Peydakar
NASA LANCE
Lîsans
Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Berhema salê
rojane; Tesbîtkirina bi peykê; ewr valahiyan dihêlin
Nûtirîn di dema avakirinê de
2026-10-14
Çareserî
tora nêzîkî 250 m
Nediyarî
Tesbîtkirina bi peykê; ewr valahiyan dihêlin. Rasterê peyk an modelê wekî pêşkêşker diweşîne. Ewr, valahiyên şeritê û xeletiya wergirtinê valahî û lerzê dihêlin; nirx nîşander in, ne pîvandinên li cihekî ne.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin
Derbarê vê qatê
Delîl
Çavdêrîkirî (ewr valahiyan dihêlin)
Çavkanî
OMI Aura (NASA GES DISC)
Peydakar
NASA GES DISC
Lîsans
Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
Berhema salê
rojane; Bidestxistina peykî; ewr valahiyan dihêlin
Nûtirîn di dema avakirinê de
2026-10-10
Çareserî
torê nêzîkî 2 km
Nediyarî
Stûna peykî ya dîoksîda nîtrojenê di atmosfera jêrîn de di roja tê nîşandan de, bi piranî ji şewitandinê; ne giraniya asta erdê ye û ne hişyariyeke tenduristiyê ye.
Bi vê rêyê tê gihîştin
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, tenê piştî ku hûn nexşeya zindî destûr bidin

Ya herî dawî ya heyî

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Wêneyên herî nû yên NASA tê barkirin.

Bikişîne da ku bilivîne. Ctrl an ⌘ û zivirandin, pincandin an bişkojkan ji bo nêzîkkirinê; ji bo nirxên di bin nîşanderê de li ser bisekine; vegerandin vedigere herêmê.

Environmental exposure, framed on the Gulf of Mexico coast.Berhemên peyk û modelê wekî NASA diweşîne, her yek bi dîroka xwe. Nîşander in, ne nirxandinên tu cihî ne.

Dane: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © beşdarên OpenStreetMap · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASEÇavkanî û lîsans

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Bi lîsansa CC BY 4.0. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a hatî weşandin ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihê nîşandayî di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navgîn kirin (guhertî). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • Berhemên VIIRS yên hema hema di dema rast de (lehî, germahiya rûyê erdê, vegirtina berfê, refleksiyona rastkirî), NASA LANCE; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a hatî weşandin ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihê nîşandayî di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navgîn kirin (guhertî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
  • Berhemên atmosferê yên MODIS û VIIRS, NASA LANCE û LAADS DAAC; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a hatî weşandin ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihê nîşandayî di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navgîn kirin (guhertî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
  • Ronahiyên şevê yên VIIRS Black Marble, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; ji aliyê NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC) ve tê belavkirin; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî dîsa hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navînkirin (guherandî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
  • Dîoksîda nîtrojenê ya OMI (Aura) û îndeksa aerosolê ya OMPS (Suomi NPP), NASA; ji aliyê NASA GES DISC ve tê belavkirin; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a hatî weşandin ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihê nîşandayî di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navgîn kirin (guhertî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
  • ASTER GDEM berhemek METI û NASA ye (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî dîsa hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navînkirin (guherandî). Bi vî awayî binivîse: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
  • Bi Natural Earth hatiye çêkirin. Daneyên nexşeyê yên vektor û raster ên belaş @ naturalearthdata.com. Giştî
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), bi riya NASA GIBS (peravên, sînor, rê û navên cihan). Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî dîsa hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navînkirin (guherandî). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî dîsa hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di şaneyên şeşgoşe de hatine navînkirin (guherandî). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
  • Çarçove li ser globa û nexşeya daxistî: peravên, sînor, rê û navên cihan ji qatên referansê yên NASA GIBS (daneyên OpenStreetMap, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); wêneya Blue Marble wekî bingeha bijarte; erdnîgariya 3D û xwendina bilindahiyê ji nîşandera rengê bilindahiyê ya ASTER GDEM (çînên 5 m heta 200 m, ji bo xwendinê hatine mezinkirin). Sînor wekî hatine weşandin têne xêzkirin û li ser tu axê helwestekê nîşan nadin.
  • Bûyerên zindî: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); bûyer nîşanî ne û girêdanên çavkaniya xwe ya orîjînal diparêzin.
  • Zindî: Bûyerên NASA EONET nîşander in, ne hişyariyên desthilatê ne.
  • Çarçove: CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, û NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010; Seto, Guneralp û Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030; Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013.
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Pêşbîniya kalîteya hewayê, 5 roj, PM2.5 (CAMS bi riya Open-Meteo): Agahiyên Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service yên guhertî dihewîne 2026.
  • Salek borî, germahiya rojane (ERA5 bi riya Open-Meteo): Agahiyên Copernicus Climate Change Service yên guhertî dihewîne 2026.
  • Daneyên hewayê ji Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), bi lîsansa CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Qatên bijartî (14 çavkanî di lîsteya qatan de: zindî, pêşbînî, çavdêrîkirî û çarçoveyî) dema ku têne vekirin krediya peydakar li ser nexşeyê û li vir çap dikin; pêşbînî encamên modelê ne û nîşanderên derxistî texmîn in.

Qat û dîrok

  • Qebareya nifûsê, 2020: Nifûs: CIESIN, Zanîngeha Columbia, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · sabît
  • Germahiya rûyê erdê, roj, kompozîta 8 rojan: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8 roj, NASA LANCE · 14 Îlon 2026
  • Kûrahiya optîkî ya aerosolê, rojane: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE · 13 Cotmeh 2026
  • Ronahiya şevê, rojane: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Cotmeh 2026
  • Ava lehiyê, berhevoka 3-rojî: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Cotmeh 2026
  • Dîoksîda nîtrojenê, stûna atmosfera jêrîn: OMI Aura, NASA GES DISC · 10 Cotmeh 2026

04Nîşander

What is measured, and how well.

Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.

IndicatorUnitCadenceSource typeNîşan
Age-specific mortality ratedeaths per thousand lives exposedannualCivil registration and insured experienceÇAVDÊRÎKIRÎ
Actual-to-expected mortality ratioratioannualInsurer experience studiesTEXMÎNKIRÎ
Period life expectancy at stated ageyearsannualNational life tablesStatîstîkên weşandî
Excess mortalitydeaths above expected baseline, P-score in percentweekly to annualCivil registration against a baselineTEXMÎNKIRÎ
Disability incidence and recovery ratesclaims per thousand lives per yearannualInsurer experience studiesTEXMÎNKIRÎ
Out-of-pocket health expenditurepercent of current health expenditureannualNational health accountsStatîstîkên weşandî
Medical cost trendannual change in claim cost per member, percentannualHealth insurer claims dataREPORTED
Policy lapse ratepercent of policies per yearannualInsurer persistency studiesREPORTED
05Çavdêrî bike

Underwriting and claims console.

The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.

Underwriting and claims console

Health and life insurance · Insurer Alpha · Quarter 2

  • Combined ratio, % of NEP
    1022Çavdêrî
  • Solvency ratio, % of SCR
    152Normal
  • Rate adequacy
    1.04indexÇavdêrî
  • Claims in 30 days, %
    92Normal
Property book above appetiteGRA · Insurance Nexus

Lines of business

Property, commercial20265▲ 3Above
Property, household21866▲ 1Di nav de
Motor16162▲ 5Di nav de
Tenduristî5976▲ 7Çavdêrî

Loss ratio

Underwriting and claims console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Health and life insurance.Nav û nirxên nimûneyî; sêwiran e, ne qeyd an pergaleke zindî ye.
06Çavkanî

Where the evidence comes from.

Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.

ÇavkanîWhat it givesLicence class
Human Mortality DatabaseDetailed national mortality and population data for life tablesFree with registration, Creative Commons attribution
UN World Population ProspectsPopulation estimates and projections, mortality and fertility by countryCreative Commons attribution, IGO
WHO Global Health Expenditure DatabaseHealth spending by source, including out-of-pocket and voluntary insuranceCreative Commons non-commercial, IGO
WHO Global Health ObservatoryMortality, morbidity and health system indicators by countryFree, WHO terms
Society of Actuaries experience studies and mortality tablesInsured mortality, morbidity and lapse experience, and improvement scalesPublic reports, SOA terms
OECD Health StatisticsHealth status, care resources and financing across member countriesFree, OECD terms
National statistics officesDeath registrations, causes of death and national life tablesPublic, terms per office
07Loss model

Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss.

The loss a portfolio in the footprint can expect per year and at the 1 in 100 and 1 in 250 levels that insurers and lenders price, from the same three blocks every catastrophe model uses. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Gulf of Mexico coast; the model itself is not tied to a place.

Kontrol

Typical annual hazard intensity (location)
1.00 intensity index
Belavbûna nirxên tund (pîvan)
0.80 intensity index
Tundiya ku nîvê nirxê tê de winda dibe
4.00 intensity index
Belavbûna lawazî
0.55
Para nirxê di nav şopa metirsî de
40%
Standarda parastinê (heyama vegerê)
50 sal

Xwendin

Windahiya salane ya navînî
0.51% of value
Windahî di 1 ji 100 salan de
24.5% of value
Windahî di 1 ji 250 salan de
28.4% of value
Tundî di 1 ji 100 salan de
4.68 intensity index
Jimar, rêbaz û çavkanî
Heyama vegerê (sal)Intensity (intensity index)Windahî (% ya nirxê)
10.090.00
21.270.00
41.910.00
72.470.00
133.000.00
243.510.00
444.020.00
824.5323.55
1545.0326.44
2875.5328.87
5366.0330.88
1,0006.5332.53

Rêbaz

  1. Metirsî: nirxên dawîn ên Gumbel Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press
  2. Nazikiya lognormal (lawazî) FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
  3. Qada îhtîmala derbasbûnê û windahiya salane ya navînî Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer
  4. Bandora bendavê Di Baldassarre and others (2013), Socio-hydrology, HESS 17
  5. Pankeya nediyarîyê (Monte Carlo ya parametreyan) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  6. Hesasiyeta yek-yek (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Dane

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • Çem Natural Earth
  • Dirêjahiyên bajarî Natural Earth
  • Bajar Natural Earth
  • Erdhejên M4.5+, hefteya borî (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey · register usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
  • Rêjeya baranê, nîv saeta dawîn (IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • Pêşbînî: herikîna çemê, 30 roj bi navber (GloFAS bi riya Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS · register open-meteo.public-pages
  • Berfirehiya avakirî û niştecihbûnê, 2010 (HBASE, Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · register sedac.context-urban-layers
Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Gumbel extreme-value hazard (Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press); Lognormal fragility (vulnerability) (FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual); Exceedance-probability curve and average annual loss (Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer).

Li seranserê şeş stûnan, bi pêşengiya Nexus Consortium

08Biryar

Who decides, and what the evidence serves.

Insurance Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Kî biryarê didePirsEvidence this page serves
Life insurers and pension fund trusteesWhat mortality improvement and longevity assumptions to adopt, and whether to transfer longevity riskExperience studies, national trends and the spread between improvement scales
Health ministries and social insurance agenciesWhat the public scheme covers and how private cover may complement itOut-of-pocket spending, coverage gaps and the distributional effect of each design
Insurance supervisorsWhether biometric assumptions and pandemic scenarios are adequately reflected in reserves and capitalAssumption benchmarks, stress scenarios and experience against expectation
Health insurersHow to set tariffs and benefit design under medical cost trend and community rating rulesClaims cost trends and pooling rules, labelled by source

Outputs this topic produces

  • Guide to mortality, morbidity and longevity risk and the boundary with social insurance
  • Brief on pandemic correlation across life, health and non-life lines
  • Method note on reading excess mortality and experience studies
  • Evidence-to-diligence checklist for mortality improvement assumptions
09Simulatorê cêwî û kaskade

Trace a shock in health and life insurance to the balance sheet.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Sîgorta û ji nû ve sîgorta: the shocks it names, the pergalan and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

Metirsî

  • Tropical cyclone
  • Erdhej
  • Ice-jam flood
  • Agirê daristanan
  • Storm surge (set off downstream)
  • Intense rainfall (set off downstream)
  • River flood (set off downstream)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • Dangerous surf (set off downstream)
  • Qutbûna berfireh a elektrîkê (li aliyê jêr çê dibe)
  • Koçberiya girseyî (li aliyê jêr çê dibe)
  • Coastal flood (set off downstream)
  • Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
  • Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
  • Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
  • Slope slide (set off downstream)
  • Rockfall (set off downstream)
  • Tsunami (set off downstream)

Kontrol

  • NS-0 Destûr û prensîb
  • NS-3 UNIyên tomara xetereyê (rêzimanî, nexşeya veguhastina ji pergala kevin, desthilata veqetandinê)
  • NS-9 UNI yên çarçoveyî (belavkirin, mînak, mînakên bernameyê)
  • NS-10 Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)
  • NS-11 Piştrastkirin û çavdêrî (delîl, erêkirin, çavdêriya lihevhatina zero-trust)
  • NS-14 Lihevhatin û nexşeya li standardên derveyî
  • NRS-F3 Sîgorta, xetera felaketan û valahiyên parastinê
  • NRS-H113 Malbata metirsiyê: Nazikiya pergala darayî (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)
  • NRS-U17 Universe platform profile: Insurance Nexus
  • NRS-H71 Malbata metirsiyê: Felaketên kozmîk û yên dema kûr (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)
  • NRS-H65 Malbata metirsiyê: Binpêkirinên sînorên gerstêrkê (NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-F8 Veguhastina xeterê ya parametrîk û li ser bingeha îndeksê

Çavdêrî

  • OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)
  • Insurance statistics (listed for reference)
  • USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product
  • (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults

Erdnîgariya mînakê

  • Western Europe: 152 hexagonal cells
  • Rêjeya barînê, nîv saeta dawî (IMERG), NASA GIBS
  • Ronahiyên şevê îşev, qutbûn (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
  • Ava rûyê erdê di nav ewr re, 30 m (radara OPERA DSWx-S1), NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
10Core questions

What professionals ask.

  • How do changes in life expectancy affect life insurers and annuity providers?
  • How do pandemics affect mortality, morbidity and claims?
  • How do medical advances and rising health costs change health insurance?
  • How do private health and life cover interact with public social protection?
  • How should insurers use health data while protecting privacy and fairness?
11Îmzeya sektorê

Where exposure in health and life insurance travels.

The sectors that carry exposure in health and life insurance and how a loss in one passes to the others, across portfolios and public finances.

Goşeyan hilbijêre · li xetan bigere6 / 15 têkilî

Îmze

Tenduristî û hevkarên wê

Tenduristî ji bo xebitandinê hêza kar dide binesaziyê (0.3), keda zeviyê dide xwarinê (0.3) û hêza kar a xizmetên giştî dide avê (0.2).

W · E · I · F · H · B

Sektor
4 ji 6
Têkilî
6 ji 15
Girêdan
0.42 para ji tevahiyê

Têkiliyên herî xurt ên di lîstikê de

  • Av → Xwarin · avdan0.8
  • Xwarin → Tenduristî · xwarina saxlem0.7
  • Binesazî → Av · lûle, bend û navendên paqijkirinê0.6
  • Av → Tenduristî · ava vexwarinê û paqijî0.7
Nirxên fêrkirinê ji bo herêmeke bajarî ya tîpîk, ne pîvanên ji bo ti cihekî. Girêdan berhevoka hêza têkiliyên di lîstikê de ye, wekî para hemû pazdehan.
12Mechanisms

Drivers and dynamics.

Life insurers and pension providers face longevity risk: if people live longer than assumed, annuity payments last longer than priced. Mortality improvements over many decades have made this a central concern. Pandemics produce the opposite shock, raising mortality and morbidity sharply over short periods. Health insurers face rising costs from medical technology, chronic disease and ageing populations.

The boundary between private insurance and public provision varies widely between countries. Where public pergalan are strong, private cover supplements them; where they are weak, private cover may be the main protection for those who can afford it. Gaps in health and life cover leave households exposed to catastrophic expenses. Public health science is studied at Health Nexus at The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

13Exposure, loss and capital

What health and life insurance means for exposure, loss and capital.

The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.

Exposure and loss at return periods

How losses from health and life insurance grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.

1 in 101 in 501 in 1001 in 250grossnet of reinsurance800
Return periodAnnual probabilityGross lossNet lossNet, capital = 100
1 in 100.10141010
1 in 500.02332121
1 in 1000.01462727
1 in 2500.004683939
Windahiya salane ya navînî3.12.22.2
Illustrative loss index for a example portfolio (capital = 100): the exceedance-probability form insurers and supervisors read. Not data on any institution, not a price or a rating.
NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
14Methods and limits

How it is studied.

  1. 01

    Mortality and morbidity analysis

    Experience studies and projection models from actuarial mathematics.

  2. 02

    Longevity modelling

    Stochastic models of mortality improvement, with uncertainty through probability and statistics.

  3. 03

    Pandemic scenarios

    Scenario analysis of mortality, morbidity and asset effects together.

  4. 04

    Sînor

    Future mortality trends are uncertain, pandemic effects vary by population, and health data raises privacy and fairness questions.

15Rêbaz

How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.

  1. Actuarial mathematicsLoss reserving with development triangles · Experience rating and credibilityApplied here
  2. Îhtîmal û statîstîkFrequency and severity modelling · Bayesian updating of assumptionsApplied here
  3. Teoriya nirxên tund û xetera dûvêLarge-loss pricing for excess layers · Tail measures for solvency capitalApplied here
  4. Zîrekiya çêkirî û fêrbûna makîneyêExposure enrichment from imagery · Fraud and claims triage · Fairness testing of pricing modelsApplied here
16Pirs

Pirs û bersiv.

What is longevity risk?
The risk that people live longer than assumed, so annuity, pension and long-term care obligations cost more than reserved. It affects insurers, pension funds and public pension systems alike.
Why does insured mortality differ from population mortality?
Insured lives are selected by underwriting and tend to differ in income, health and occupation. Experience studies measure the difference rather than assuming it.
Is a pandemic insurable?
Parts are, such as individual life and health claims, but a severe pandemic correlates losses across lines and assets. Many proposals pair private cover with public backstops; designs and their limits differ.
How did recent pandemic experience affect insurers?
It raised mortality and health claims in some lines and disrupted operations, and it prompted wider use of pandemic scenarios.
Does GRA advise on health or life policies?
No. It provides sector-level research only.
Does GRA give advice on this topic?
No. GRA does not underwrite, sell, solicit, negotiate, place or broker insurance, and it does not rate, advise on or arrange transactions. Readiness work is not approval. Its analysis is shared, sector-level understanding.
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rêzeya Pergalên Stratejîk is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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