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GRA · 再保险与巨灾

空间金融资本与危害、风险暴露和转型的交汇之处

面向再保险与巨灾的精算数学

Actuarial mathematics turns exposure, loss experience and assumptions into reinsurance prices, reserves and capital. In catastrophe reinsurance it combines model output with experience, applies contract terms and allocates capital across layers.

01登记

Actuarial mathematics for reinsurance and catastrophe on the record.

方法记录STEM 方法
  1. 方法精算数学
  2. 应用于再保险与巨灾
  3. 数据3 inputs
  4. 规范页面STEM 公共资源
02申请

What actuarial mathematics does here.

Actuarial mathematics applies probability, statistics and financial theory to measure and price contingent risks, particularly in insurance and pensions. It determines reserves and premiums for uncertain future obligations. In insurance and catastrophe, climate and hazards and disaster and crisis, actuarial methods determine whether risks can be insured and at what cost. They help assess accumulation of correlated losses across portfolios and regions. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.

Layer pricing from model output

Event loss tables are passed through layer terms, including reinstatements, to estimate expected loss and volatility per layer.

Blending experience and exposure rating

Historical losses and modelled losses are blended in proportion to the credibility of the experience for each layer.

资本配置

Capital is allocated to treaties by their contribution to 尾部风险, informing the cost of capital loading.

03空间金融

风险暴露、危害与超越概率曲线。

哪些地方在严重年份造成损失,以及损失向再保险蔓延的程度。示意性设计数值。

气旋和地震带下的沿海风险暴露,以及它所产生的损失曲线。示意性设计值,并非模型输出或价格。
04数据

该方法使用的输入。

Datasets and records used by actuarial mathematics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in 来源登记册.

数据角色标签
Event loss tablesLayer losses模型估算
Ceded loss historyExperience rating已报告
Contract termsFinancial structure已声明
05监测

Tail fit.

团队遵循该方法时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

Tail fit

Reinsurance and catastrophe · Actuarial mathematics · Run R-2774

Shape parameter uncertainGRA · 再保险与巨灾

Return level curve

方法卡

方法
精算数学
方法
peaks over threshold
Threshold
94th percentile
标签
模型估算

参数

generalised Pareto fit

Shape ξ0.19−0.010.59heavy tail if above zero
Scale σ1.60.85.2units of the variable
Exceedances49declustered
Tail fit: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Reinsurance and catastrophe.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06验证

结果如何核查。

Assumptions are tested through experience studies and actual-versus-expected analysis. Independent actuarial review checks methods and results.

核查如何开展
Actual versus expectedLayer losses are compared with expectations over time
Sensitivity to model choicePrices are recomputed under alternative models
独立审查Pricing is reviewed against actuarial standards

Historical experience may not reflect emerging or correlated risks. Long-tail liabilities are sensitive to assumptions about future trends.

07损失模型

损失超越、年均损失和可能最大损失。

处于覆盖范围内的投资组合每年预期损失,以及保险公司和贷款机构定价所依据的 1/100 和 1/250 水平下的预期损失,均来自每个 巨灾模型 uses. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Gulf of Mexico coast; the model itself is not tied to a place.

控制措施

典型年度危害强度(所在地)
1.00 强度指数
极端值的扩散(尺度)
强度指数 0.80
损失一半价值时的强度
4.00 强度指数
脆弱性的离散程度
0.55
危害足迹中的价值占比
40%
防护标准(重现期)
50 年

读数

年均损失
占价值的 0.51%
百年一遇(1/100)的损失
占价值的 24.5%
250 年一遇(1/250)的损失
占价值的 28.4%
百年一遇(1/100)的强度
强度指数 4.68
数字、方法与来源
重现期(年)强度(强度指数)损失(占价值的 %)
10.090.00
21.270.00
41.910.00
72.470.00
133.000.00
243.510.00
444.020.00
824.5323.55
1545.0326.44
2875.5328.87
5366.0330.88
1,0006.5332.53

方法

  1. Gumbel 极值危害 Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press
  2. 对数正态易损性(脆弱性) FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
  3. 超越概率曲线与年均损失 Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer
  4. 堤防效应 Di Baldassarre and others (2013), Socio-hydrology, HESS 17
  5. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  6. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 河流 Natural Earth
  • 城市范围 Natural Earth
  • 城市 Natural Earth
  • 过去一周 M4.5+ 地震(USGS) 美国地质调查局 · 登记 usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
  • 降雨率,最近半小时(IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · 登记 nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • 河流流量预报,30 天及范围(GloFAS via Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com(CC BY 4.0)、Copernicus GloFAS · 登记 open-meteo.public-pages
  • 建成区与居民点范围,2010 年(HBASE,Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia、NASA SEDAC HBASE · 登记 sedac.context-urban-layers
损失超越概率、年均损失和可能最大损失。示意性教学模型:它依据控件设定的数值运行,而不是实测数据。方法:Gumbel 极值危害(Gumbel(1958),Statistics of Extremes,Columbia University Press);对数正态脆弱性曲线(FEMA(2003),HAZUS-MH Technical Manual);超越概率曲线与年均损失(Grossi 和 Kunreuther(2005),Catastrophe Modeling,Springer)。
09孪生与级联模拟器

Trace a shock to the balance sheet.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 保险与再保险: the shocks it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 热带气旋
  • 地震
  • 冰塞洪水
  • 野火
  • Storm surge (在下游引发)
  • Intense rainfall (在下游引发)
  • 河流洪水(在下游引发)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • 危险海浪(在下游引发)
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
  • Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
  • Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
  • Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
  • Slope slide (set off downstream)
  • Rockfall (set off downstream)
  • Tsunami (set off downstream)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-F3 保险、巨灾风险与保护缺口
  • NRS-H113 危害类别:金融体系脆弱性(NHS-1 soc.financial-system)
  • NRS-U17 宇宙 platform profile: Insurance Nexus
  • NRS-H71 危害类别:深时与宇宙灾难(NHS-1 planet.deep-time)
  • NRS-H65 危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-F8 参数化与指数型风险转移

观测

  • OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)
  • Insurance statistics (listed for reference)
  • USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product
  • (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults

示例地理范围

  • 西欧:152 个六边形网格
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
10管理责任

由谁维护该方法。

精算与量化风险 stewards actuarial mathematics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.

11风险暴露、损失与资本

What it means for exposure, loss and capital.

风险官、监管者或财政部会要求的风险暴露、损失、情景和资本视图,以及它们据以报告的框架。结构遵循监管和精算实务。数值为说明性:绝非价格、评级或建议。

各重现期的风险暴露与损失

How losses from actuarial mathematics for reinsurance and catastrophe grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.

1/10(10 年一遇)1/50(50 年一遇)1/100(100 年一遇)1/250(250 年一遇)总额扣除再保险后的净额800
重现期年概率总损失净损失净额,资本 = 100
1/10(10 年一遇)0.10141010
1/50(50 年一遇)0.02332121
1/100(100 年一遇)0.01462727
1/250(250 年一遇)0.004683939
年均损失3.12.22.2
一个示例投资组合的示意性损失指数(资本 = 100):保险公司和监管机构所读的超越概率形式。并非任何机构的数据,也非价格或评级。
NGFS 气候情景 · 央行与监管机构绿色金融网络IFRS S2 气候相关披露 · ISSBTCFD 建议 · 金融稳定理事会 TCFD有效管理气候相关金融风险的原则 · 巴塞尔银行监管委员会
13问题

问题与解答。

What are the limits of actuarial mathematics in this field?
Historical experience may not reflect emerging or correlated risks. Long-tail liabilities are sensitive to assumptions about future trends.
结果如何核查?
Assumptions are tested through experience studies and actual-versus-expected analysis. Independent actuarial review checks methods and results.
本页面上的数值是真实的吗?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
该方法还应用于何处?
维持社会运转的各个 规范方法页面 列出应用该方法的每个平台。
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

全球风险联盟(Global Risks Alliance)再保险与巨灾金融与保险准备度方法与技术
再保险与巨灾

向联盟提出风险暴露或资本问题。

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