Frequency and severity modelling
Generalised linear models relate claim frequency and severity to risk factors, with offsets for exposure, so the contribution of each factor and its uncertainty can be read and reviewed.
GRA · Insurance Nexus
공간 금융자본이 재해, 노출, 전환과 만나는 곳
Probability and statistics provide the language of insurance: frequency and severity, dependence, credibility and uncertainty. They make assumptions explicit, test them against experience, and show how much confidence any estimate of loss deserves, from a single portfolio’s claim frequency to a national estimate of how many households are uninsured.
Probability and statistics provide the mathematical framework for describing uncertainty and learning from data. They underpin estimation, testing and prediction in every risk discipline. In insurance and catastrophe, climate and hazards and health and biosecurity, statistical methods quantify the likelihood and uncertainty of losses across interconnected 시스템. They make the evidence behind risk decisions explicit and reproducible. The canonical description is on STEM 공유 자원.
Generalised linear models relate claim frequency and severity to risk factors, with offsets for exposure, so the contribution of each factor and its uncertainty can be read and reviewed.
Prior assumptions from industry or benchmark data are updated with an insurer’s own experience, giving posterior estimates that state how far the data have moved the assumption.
Household surveys on insurance take-up are designed and weighted so that estimates of uninsured shares represent the population, and their sampling error is reported with them.
모든 재해 모델 이 사용하는 동일한 세 가지 구성 요소로부터, 해당 영향권 내 포트폴리오가 연간으로, 그리고 보험사와 대출기관이 가격에 반영하는 1/100 및 1/250 수준에서 예상할 수 있는 손실을 산출합니다. 명시된 설명용 값을 사용한 교육용 모델이며 예측이 아닙니다.
통제 수단
판독값
| 재현 기간(년) | 강도(강도 지수) | 손실(가치 대비 %) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 1.27 | 0.00 |
| 4 | 1.91 | 0.00 |
| 7 | 2.47 | 0.00 |
| 13 | 3.00 | 0.00 |
| 24 | 3.51 | 0.00 |
| 44 | 4.02 | 0.00 |
| 82 | 4.53 | 23.55 |
| 154 | 5.03 | 26.44 |
| 287 | 5.53 | 28.87 |
| 536 | 6.03 | 30.88 |
| 1,000 | 6.53 | 32.53 |
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
여섯 기둥 전반에 걸쳐, Nexus Consortium 주도
Datasets and records used by probability and statistics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in 출처 등록부.
| 데이터 | 역할 | 라벨 |
|---|---|---|
| Claims and exposure records | Model fitting | 보고됨 |
| Industry benchmarks | Priors and comparison | 추정 |
| Household and enterprise surveys | Take-up and gap estimation | 관측 |
| Supervisory statistical returns | Market aggregates | 공표 통계 |
리스크 책임자, 감독 당국이나 재무부가 요구할 익스포저, 손실, 시나리오와 자본 보기와 이들이 보고의 기준으로 삼는 체계. 구조는 감독과 보험계리 실무를 따릅니다. 값은 예시이며 가격, 등급이나 조언이 결코 아닙니다.
How losses from probability and statistics in insurance grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.
| 재현 기간 | 연간 확률 | 총손실 | 순손실 | 순액, 자본 = 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/10 빈도 | 0.10 | 14 | 10 | 10 |
| 1/50 빈도 | 0.02 | 33 | 21 | 21 |
| 1/100 빈도 | 0.01 | 46 | 27 | 27 |
| 1/250 빈도 | 0.004 | 68 | 39 | 39 |
| 연평균 손실 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Results are checked through diagnostics, cross-validation and sensitivity to assumptions. Independent replication confirms findings.
| 점검 | 수행 방식 |
|---|---|
| Out-of-sample validation | Models are fitted on one period or segment and tested on another; only test performance is reported |
| Residual diagnostics | Residuals are inspected for structure the model has missed, such as trends or clustering |
| Sensitivity to assumptions | Independence, distribution and sampling assumptions are varied and the effect on the result is stated |
Inference depends on assumptions about independence, distribution and sampling that may not hold. Small or biased samples limit reliability.
시스템 과학과 모델링 stewards probability and statistics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
보고서 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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