Frequency and severity modelling
Generalised linear models relate claim frequency and severity to risk factors, with offsets for exposure, so the contribution of each factor and its uncertainty can be read and reviewed.
GRA · Insurance Nexus
Spatial financeLà où le capital rencontre l'aléa, l'exposition et la transition
Probability and statistics provide the language of insurance: frequency and severity, dependence, credibility and uncertainty. They make assumptions explicit, test them against experience, and show how much confidence any estimate of loss deserves, from a single portfolio’s claim frequency to a national estimate of how many households are uninsured.
Probability and statistics provide the mathematical framework for describing uncertainty and learning from data. They underpin estimation, testing and prediction in every risk discipline. In insurance and catastrophe, climate and hazards and health and biosecurity, statistical methods quantify the likelihood and uncertainty of losses across interconnected systèmes. They make the evidence behind risk decisions explicit and reproducible. The canonical description is on le STEM Commons.
Generalised linear models relate claim frequency and severity to risk factors, with offsets for exposure, so the contribution of each factor and its uncertainty can be read and reviewed.
Prior assumptions from industry or benchmark data are updated with an insurer’s own experience, giving posterior estimates that state how far the data have moved the assumption.
Household surveys on insurance take-up are designed and weighted so that estimates of uninsured shares represent the population, and their sampling error is reported with them.
La perte qu'un portefeuille situé dans l'emprise peut attendre par an et aux niveaux 1 sur 100 et 1 sur 250 que tarifent les assureurs et les prêteurs, à partir des trois mêmes blocs que tout modèle de catastrophe . Modèle pédagogique à valeurs illustratives indiquées, et non une prédiction.
Commandes
Relevés
| Période de retour (années) | Intensité (indice d'intensité) | Perte (% de la valeur) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 1.27 | 0.00 |
| 4 | 1.91 | 0.00 |
| 7 | 2.47 | 0.00 |
| 13 | 3.00 | 0.00 |
| 24 | 3.51 | 0.00 |
| 44 | 4.02 | 0.00 |
| 82 | 4.53 | 23.55 |
| 154 | 5.03 | 26.44 |
| 287 | 5.53 | 28.87 |
| 536 | 6.03 | 30.88 |
| 1,000 | 6.53 | 32.53 |
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
Sur les six piliers, sous la conduite de Nexus Consortium
Datasets and records used by probability and statistics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in le registre des sources.
| Données | Rôle | Étiquette |
|---|---|---|
| Claims and exposure records | Model fitting | DÉCLARÉ |
| Industry benchmarks | Priors and comparison | ESTIMÉ |
| Household and enterprise surveys | Take-up and gap estimation | OBSERVÉ |
| Supervisory statistical returns | Market aggregates | Statistiques publiées |
Les vues d'exposition, de pertes, de scénarios et de capital que demanderaient un responsable des risques, une autorité de contrôle ou un ministère des finances, avec les cadres dont ils relèvent pour leurs rapports. Les structures suivent la pratique prudentielle et actuarielle. Les valeurs sont illustratives : jamais des prix, des notations ni des conseils.
How losses from probability and statistics in insurance grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.
| Période de retour | Probabilité annuelle | Perte brute | Perte nette | Net, capital = 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sur 10 | 0.10 | 14 | 10 | 10 |
| 1 sur 50 | 0.02 | 33 | 21 | 21 |
| 1 sur 100 | 0.01 | 46 | 27 | 27 |
| 1 sur 250 | 0.004 | 68 | 39 | 39 |
| Perte annuelle moyenne | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Results are checked through diagnostics, cross-validation and sensitivity to assumptions. Independent replication confirms findings.
| Vérifier | Comment c'est fait |
|---|---|
| Out-of-sample validation | Models are fitted on one period or segment and tested on another; only test performance is reported |
| Residual diagnostics | Residuals are inspected for structure the model has missed, such as trends or clustering |
| Sensitivity to assumptions | Independence, distribution and sampling assumptions are varied and the effect on the result is stated |
Inference depends on assumptions about independence, distribution and sampling that may not hold. Small or biased samples limit reliability.
Sciences des systèmes et modélisation stewards probability and statistics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
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