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GRA · Insurance Nexus

Keuangan spasialTempat modal bertemu bahaya, keterpaparan, dan transisi

Probability and statistics in insurance

Probability and statistics provide the language of insurance: frequency and severity, dependence, credibility and uncertainty. They make assumptions explicit, test them against experience, and show how much confidence any estimate of loss deserves, from a single portfolio’s claim frequency to a national estimate of how many households are uninsured.

01Daftar

Probability and statistics in insurance on the record.

Catatan metodeMetode STEM
  1. MetodeProbabilitas dan statistika
  2. Diterapkan diInsurance Nexus
  3. Halaman kanonisSTEM Commons
02Permohonan

What probability and statistics does here.

Probability and statistics provide the mathematical framework for describing uncertainty and learning from data. They underpin estimation, testing and prediction in every risk discipline. In insurance and catastrophe, climate and hazards and health and biosecurity, statistical methods quantify the likelihood and uncertainty of losses across interconnected Sistem. They make the evidence behind risk decisions explicit and reproducible. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.

Frequency and severity modelling

Generalised linear models relate claim frequency and severity to risk factors, with offsets for exposure, so the contribution of each factor and its uncertainty can be read and reviewed.

Bayesian updating of assumptions

Prior assumptions from industry or benchmark data are updated with an insurer’s own experience, giving posterior estimates that state how far the data have moved the assumption.

Survey design for protection gaps

Household surveys on insurance take-up are designed and weighted so that estimates of uninsured shares represent the population, and their sampling error is reported with them.

03Model kerugian

Pelampauan kerugian, kerugian tahunan rata-rata, dan kerugian maksimum yang mungkin.

Kerugian yang dapat diperkirakan per tahun oleh portofolio di wilayah terdampak, serta pada tingkat 1 dalam 100 dan 1 dalam 250 tahun yang dihargai perusahaan asuransi dan pemberi pinjaman, dari tiga blok yang sama yang digunakan setiap model katastrofe . Model pengajaran dengan nilai ilustratif yang dinyatakan, bukan prediksi.

Kendali

Intensitas bahaya tahunan tipikal (lokasi)
Indeks intensitas 1.00
Sebaran nilai ekstrem (skala)
Indeks intensitas 0.80
Intensitas saat separuh nilai hilang
Indeks intensitas 4.00
Sebaran kerentanan
0.55
Porsi nilai dalam jejak bahaya
40%
Standar perlindungan (periode ulang)
50 tahun

Pembacaan

Rata-rata kerugian tahunan
0,51% dari nilai
Kerugian pada 1 dalam 100 tahun
24,5% dari nilai
Kerugian pada 1 dalam 250 tahun
28,4% dari nilai
Intensitas pada 1 dalam 100 tahun
Indeks intensitas 4.68
Angka, metode, dan sumber
Periode ulang (tahun)Intensitas (indeks intensitas)Kerugian (% dari nilai)
10.090.00
21.270.00
41.910.00
72.470.00
133.000.00
243.510.00
444.020.00
824.5323.55
1545.0326.44
2875.5328.87
5366.0330.88
1,0006.5332.53

Metode

  1. Bahaya nilai ekstrem Gumbel Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press
  2. Kerapuhan lognormal (kerentanan) FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
  3. Kurva probabilitas eksedensi dan rata-rata kerugian tahunan Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer
  4. Efek tanggul Di Baldassarre dan lainnya (2013), Socio-hydrology, HESS 17
  5. Kipas ketidakpastian (Monte Carlo parametrik) Spiegelhalter, Pearson dan Short (2011), Memvisualisasikan ketidakpastian tentang masa depan, Science 333
  6. Sensitivitas satu per satu (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Data

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • Sungai Natural Earth
  • Luasan perkotaan Natural Earth
  • Kota Natural Earth
  • Gempa bumi M4.5+, pekan lalu (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey · register usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
  • Laju hujan, setengah jam terakhir (IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • Prakiraan debit sungai, 30 hari dengan rentang (GloFAS melalui Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS · register open-meteo.public-pages
  • Cakupan lahan terbangun dan permukiman, 2010 (HBASE, Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · register sedac.context-urban-layers
Kurva eksedensi kerugian, rata-rata kerugian tahunan, dan kerugian maksimum yang mungkin terjadi. Model pengajaran ilustratif: model ini berjalan pada nilai yang ditetapkan oleh kontrol, bukan pada data terukur. Metode: bahaya nilai ekstrem Gumbel (Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press); fungsi kerentanan lognormal (FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual); kurva peluang eksedensi dan rata-rata kerugian tahunan (Grossi dan Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer).

Di seluruh enam pilar, dipimpin oleh Nexus Consortium

04Data

Apa yang digunakan metode ini.

Datasets and records used by probability and statistics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in register sumber.

DataPeranLabel
Claims and exposure recordsModel fittingDILAPORKAN
Industry benchmarksPriors and comparisonESTIMASI
Household and enterprise surveysTake-up and gap estimationTERAMATI
Supervisory statistical returnsMarket aggregatesStatistik yang diterbitkan
05Eksposur, kerugian, dan modal

What probability and statistics in insurance means for exposure, loss and capital.

Tampilan eksposur, kerugian, skenario, dan modal yang akan diminta oleh pejabat risiko, otoritas pengawas, atau kementerian keuangan, beserta kerangka pelaporan yang mereka gunakan. Strukturnya mengikuti praktik pengawasan dan aktuaria. Nilai bersifat ilustratif: tidak pernah merupakan harga, peringkat, atau saran.

Eksposur dan kerugian pada periode ulang

How losses from probability and statistics in insurance grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.

1 dalam 10 tahun1 dalam 50 tahun1 dalam 100 tahun1 dalam 250 tahunbrutoneto setelah reasuransi800
Periode ulangProbabilitas tahunanKerugian brutoKerugian netoNeto, modal = 100
1 dalam 10 tahun0.10141010
1 dalam 50 tahun0.02332121
1 dalam 100 tahun0.01462727
1 dalam 250 tahun0.004683939
Rata-rata kerugian tahunan3.12.22.2
Indeks kerugian ilustratif untuk portofolio contoh (modal = 100): bentuk probabilitas pelampauan yang dibaca perusahaan asuransi dan pengawas. Bukan data tentang lembaga mana pun, bukan harga atau peringkat.
Skenario iklim NGFS · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Pengungkapan terkait Iklim · ISSBRekomendasi TCFD · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinsip-prinsip pengelolaan efektif risiko keuangan terkait iklim · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
06Validasi

Cara hasil diperiksa.

Results are checked through diagnostics, cross-validation and sensitivity to assumptions. Independent replication confirms findings.

PemeriksaanCara pelaksanaannya
Out-of-sample validationModels are fitted on one period or segment and tested on another; only test performance is reported
Residual diagnosticsResiduals are inspected for structure the model has missed, such as trends or clustering
Sensitivity to assumptionsIndependence, distribution and sampling assumptions are varied and the effect on the result is stated

Inference depends on assumptions about independence, distribution and sampling that may not hold. Small or biased samples limit reliability.

08Pengelolaan

Siapa yang memelihara metode ini.

Ilmu Sistem dan Pemodelan stewards probability and statistics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.

10Pertanyaan

Tanya jawab.

What are the limits of probability and statistics in this field?
Inference depends on assumptions about independence, distribution and sampling that may not hold. Small or biased samples limit reliability.
Bagaimana hasil diperiksa?
Results are checked through diagnostics, cross-validation and sensitivity to assumptions. Independent replication confirms findings.
Apakah nilai di halaman ini nyata?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
Di mana lagi metode ini diterapkan?
Observatory Halaman metode kanonis mencantumkan setiap platform yang menerapkannya.
LaporanBerkontribusi

Kontribusikan bukti dari halaman ini.

Laporan is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Global Risks AllianceInsurance NexusKesiapan Pembiayaan dan AsuransiRisiko dan Ketahanan Sektor Global
Insurance Nexus

Ajukan pertanyaan eksposur atau modal kepada Aliansi.

Informasi dan pertanyaan sudah terbuka hari ini. Sebuah pertanyaan menerima nomor referensi dan menyebutkan langkah berikutnya; lamaran, pembayaran, alokasi komputasi, dan pendaftaran hanya dibuka ketika tim, ketentuan, dan kapasitas tinjauannya tersedia.