GRA · Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition
Analysis and uncertainty
Financial crime is studied with typology analysis, network analysis of transaction patterns, anomaly detection and national risk assessment methods. This page explains each method, its data needs and why false positives and data rights limit what can be done with public evidence.
The workspace for analysis and uncertainty.
Evidence register
Financial crime · Analysis and uncertainty · Example interface, not a record
Indicators
unit · cadence · label
| Alerts generated | alerts / day | daily | OBSERVED | SP-9777 |
| Alerts escalated to cases | of alerts | weekly | OBSERVED | SP-7761 |
| Suspicious activity reports filed | reports | monthly | Published statistics | SP-7742 |
| Mean age of open cases | days | weekly | OBSERVED | SP-5284 |
| Sanctions screening hit rate | per 1,000 screens | daily | OBSERVED | SP-4479 |
Source passport
- Source
- Transaction monitoring alerts
- Licence
- open · attribution
- Steward
- Financial intelligence unit liaison
- Coverage
- 81 pct of places
- Known limits
- sparse in uplands
Coverage by place
Financial Crime and Fraud Risk · Evidence register. Evidence register: example names and illustrative values, not a record.
The methods in use.
- 01Artificial intelligence and machine learningReal-time fraud scoring · Alert prioritisation · Fairness in fraud controlsApplied here
- 02Network science and contagionMule network detection · Ownership chain analysis · Cross-institution patternsApplied here
- 03Data engineering, interoperability and stewardshipScreening data quality · Monitoring coverage checks · Retention and minimisationApplied here
- 04Digital identity and public digital systemsAssurance levels for onboarding · Defending against deepfakes · Inclusion testingApplied here
- 05Distributed ledgers and digital assetsBlockchain analytics · Travel rule implementation · Obfuscation techniquesApplied here
Detection methods and their trade-offs.
| Method | Strength | Weakness |
|---|---|---|
| Rules and scenarios | Transparent and auditable | High false positives; easy to evade |
| Supervised learning | Learns from confirmed cases | Label scarcity and delay |
| Anomaly detection | Finds new patterns | Many anomalies are benign |
| Graph analytics | Sees networks, not single accounts | Needs data across institutions |
How the process runs.
Process explorer · Process
Analysis and uncertainty: PRISMA 2020 review reporting
10 steps·4 stages
Process
Analysis and uncertainty: PRISMA 2020 review reporting
PRISMA 2020 is a reporting guideline for systematic reviews; the steps follow its checklist, not a mandated sequence, and no Nexus document adopts it.
01 Plan
- 01Registration and protocolRecord · The review teamThe guideline asks for registration details, access to the protocol and any amendments.
- 02Eligibility criteriaRecord · The review teamThe guideline asks for the inclusion and exclusion criteria and how studies were grouped.
02 Find and select
- 03Search: sources and strategiesStep · The review teamThe guideline asks for the information sources and the full search strategies. It does not fix which sources are used.
- 04Selection of studiesStep · The review teamThe guideline asks how studies were judged eligible, including how many reviewers screened. It does not fix the number of reviewers.
- 05Flow diagramRecordThe flow diagram shows the number of records found, the number of studies included and the reasons for exclusion.
03 Analyse
- 06Data collectionStep · The review teamThe guideline asks how data were collected from reports and which data items were sought.
- 07Risk of biasStep · The review teamThe guideline asks for the methods and tools used to assess risk of bias.
- 08SynthesisModel · The review teamThe guideline asks for the effect measures and the synthesis methods. It does not prescribe meta-analysis.
- 09Certainty of evidenceStep · The review teamThe guideline asks for the methods used to assess certainty, and reports the result per outcome. It does not name a grading scale.
04 Report
- 10Review reportRecordThe guideline helps authors report why the review was done, what they did and what they found.
ReportsOutline of an externally published reporting guideline, not a Nexus process and not a record of operation. PRISMA 2020 mainly covers reviews of intervention effects. No Nexus page names it. Every programme is at service level R0.
Detection models are models.
AML and fraud models fall under model risk management. In the United States the April 2026 revised guidance (SR 26-2) replaced both SR 11-7 and the 2021 interagency statement on BSA/AML model risk. Model governance at AI and Financial Model Risk.
How uncertainty is reported.
- 01
State assumptions
Each analysis lists its assumptions and the data it depends on.
- 02
Quantify where possible
Ranges and confidence are reported alongside central estimates.
- 03
Validate and compare
Models are checked against observations and, where possible, against other models.
- 04
Publish limits
What an analysis cannot show is stated beside what it can.
Where this page's references lead.
The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.
Questions and answers.
Are the methods open?
Contribute evidence from this page.
Reports is the Consortium's quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- EmailGateway GW-GRASend it from this pageEvidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.
- ZenodoOpen depositDeposit it and submit to the communityPublish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.
- ReportsGlobal Risks AllianceSee every way to contributeThe contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.
Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.
Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.
Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
Legal documents.
Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.