GRA · Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition
Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
Financial crime controls, fraud patterns, institutional integrity and protection of customers. Financial Crime and Fraud Risk is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance.
- STEM methods
- 5
- Canonical methods this field applies
- Topics
- 8
- Subject pages in the field
- Counterparts
- 10
- Platforms in shared fields across the network
- Report series
- 1
- Reports series it contributes to
How the work runs.
Alert triage and investigations
Bank B monitoring · Today
- Alerts today1896
- Escalated to cases7pct of alerts
- Open cases older than 30 days82Watch
- Reports filed this month68Normal
Alert queue
- HRapid in-out through new accountsScenario TM-07 · score 892 h
- MTrade invoice price outlierScenario TB-03 · score 729 h
- MStructuring below thresholdScenario TM-02 · score 645 h
- LName match, sanctions listLikely false positive2 h
Counterparty network, case CS-7052
red: accounts under review
Case path
- Alertscenario
- Triageanalyst
- Investigatecase
- DecideMLRO
- Reportto FIU
- Feedbacktuning
Fig.Alert triage and investigations: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.
Crime that exploits trust at the speed of payments.
Financial crime takes many forms: fraud that deceives customers or institutions, money laundering that disguises the proceeds of crime, the financing of terrorism, evasion of sanctions, and corruption. They share a dependence on the financial system’s core functions, moving value quickly and on trust. As payments have become faster and more digital, criminals have adapted: authorised push payment scams persuade victims to send money themselves, synthetic identities pass onboarding checks, and laundering networks move funds through many accounts and jurisdictions in minutes.
The harms are broad. Victims of fraud and scams lose savings and suffer lasting distress, and older and digitally excluded people are often targeted. Laundering sustains drug trafficking, human trafficking, corruption and other serious crime. Institutions face losses, enforcement and loss of trust. At a system level, financial crime can undermine confidence in payments and markets and distort economies.
Controls are costly and imperfect. Institutions spend heavily on monitoring and compliance, yet much financial crime goes undetected, and controls can exclude legitimate customers, a problem known as de-risking. Each institution sees only part of a criminal network, while criminals exploit the gaps between institutions, sectors and borders. Telecoms, online platforms and technology providers are often where fraud begins, beyond the reach of financial controls alone. Understanding these dynamics requires shared evidence that no single firm can produce.
How a shock to assets becomes a system loss.
The equity the system loses after interbank contagion, against the initial hit, as leverage, interconnection and recovery rates change, the core of a macroprudential stress test. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.
Controls
- Fall in external assets
- 2.0%
- Leverage (assets over equity)
- 10 times
- Interbank share of assets
- 10%
- Recovery on interbank claims
- 40%
- Banks in the system
- 20
- Core banks
- 20% of banks
Readouts
- Equity lost to the initial shock
- 18.0%
- Equity lost after contagion
- 45.0%
- Added by contagion (DebtRank)
- 27.0 points
- Banks in default
- 0
Numbers, methods and sources
| Round | System equity lost (%) | Banks in default |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 18.00 | 0 |
| 1 | 28.80 | 0 |
| 2 | 35.28 | 0 |
| 3 | 39.17 | 0 |
| 4 | 41.50 | 0 |
| 5 | 42.90 | 0 |
| 6 | 43.74 | 0 |
| 7 | 44.24 | 0 |
| 8 | 44.55 | 0 |
| 9 | 44.73 | 0 |
| 10 | 44.84 | 0 |
| 11 | 44.90 | 0 |
| 12 | 44.94 | 0 |
| 13 | 44.96 | 0 |
| 14 | 44.98 | 0 |
| 15 | 44.99 | 0 |
| 16 | 44.99 | 0 |
| 17 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 18 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 19 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 20 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 21 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 22 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 23 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 24 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 25 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 26 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 27 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 28 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 29 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 30 | 45.00 | 0 |
Methods
- DebtRank Battiston and others (2012), Scientific Reports 2:541
- Differential DebtRank Bardoscia and others (2015), PLOS ONE 10
- Contagion in financial networks Gai and Kapadia (2010), Proc. R. Soc. A 466
- Clearing in financial networks Eisenberg and Noe (2001), Management Science 47
- Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
Data
No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.
Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium
- Experiments Labs
- Built in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk in Foundry
- Tested at Financial Crime and Fraud Risk in Universe
- Codified in Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standards
- Published in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk in Reports
- Taught in Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academy
The questions this field works on.
Payments fraud
Fraud in digital transactions.
TopicIdentity fraud
Identity compromise and synthetic identities.
TopicMoney laundering risk
AML typologies and governance.
TopicSuspicious activity controls
Investigation responsibility and safeguards.
TopicConsumer scams
Scam harm and protective controls.
TopicFinancial sanctions risk
Due diligence and exclusion policies.
TopicCyber enabled financial crime
Cyber/fraud intersections.
TopicFinancial crime data rights
Sensitive data and privacy boundaries.
What Financial Crime and Fraud Risk means for exposure, loss and capital.
The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.
Transmission channels
How a shock in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk reaches credit, market, underwriting, liquidity and operational risk, and feeds back.
Disclosure crosswalk
Where evidence on Financial Crime and Fraud Risk fits the disclosure and prudential frameworks institutions report against.
| Pillar | TCFD | ISSB IFRS S2 | Prudential (BCBS, IAIS) | Evidence this page can hold |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governance | Board oversight of climate-related risks | Governance requirements | Governance and risk appetite principles | Who owns the risk and how it is escalated |
| Strategy | Risks, opportunities and resilience | Scenario analysis and resilience | Strategy and business model principles | Scenario design and transmission paths |
| Risk management | Identify, assess, manage | Risk management processes | Internal control and ICAAP or ORSA | Exposure maps and loss views |
| Metrics and targets | Metrics used and targets set | Cross-industry and industry metrics | Data, metrics and reporting principles | Indicator definitions and units |
What the work is read against.
The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.
| Framework or standard | Body | What it sets |
|---|---|---|
| FATF Recommendations | Financial Action Task Force (FATF) | The global standard for anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing, including customer due diligence, beneficial ownership, virtual assets and the revised payment transparency recommendation |
| FATF methodology and mutual evaluations | Financial Action Task Force and FATF-style regional bodies | Assessment of technical compliance and effectiveness of national systems through peer review |
| EU anti-money laundering package and the Anti-Money Laundering Authority (AMLA) | European Union | A single AML rulebook and a new EU authority to supervise high-risk institutions directly and coordinate national supervisors |
| Wolfsberg Group principles and guidance | Wolfsberg Group of global banks | Industry guidance on correspondent banking, financial crime compliance programmes and payment transparency |
| Egmont Group principles for information exchange | Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units | Rules for secure exchange of financial intelligence between national FIUs |
| United Nations Security Council sanctions regimes | UN Security Council and its sanctions committees | Binding asset freezes and financial restrictions on listed persons and entities that member states implement |
| Guidelines on sound management of risks related to money laundering and financing of terrorism | Basel Committee on Banking Supervision | How banks integrate ML/TF risk into overall risk management, including group-wide and correspondent banking |
| FATF guidance on digital identity | Financial Action Task Force | How digital identity systems can be used for customer due diligence with appropriate assurance levels |
What Financial Crime and Fraud Risk does.
Financial crime and fraud risk is the risk that financial services are used to steal, launder criminal proceeds or evade sanctions. Global Risks Alliance’s platform explains payments and identity fraud, money laundering, suspicious activity controls, scams, sanctions, cyber-enabled crime and data rights at a general level. It makes no allegations and gives no compliance advice.
Its community
Financial crime analysts; fraud specialists; compliance researchers.
Its methods
Financial crime typologies; risk controls; evidence quality.
Its outputs
Fraud research briefs; financial integrity learning.
Shared understanding of typologies, controls and evidence.
Financial Crime and Fraud Risk is designed to publish fraud research briefs and financial integrity learning. Its methods are financial crime typologies, analysis of risk controls and attention to evidence quality. It serves analysts, fraud and compliance professionals and researchers, as a precompetitive and public-interest effort that informs defence without serving as a guide for crime.
Typologies
How fraud, laundering and related crimes are carried out, described at a level that informs controls.
Controls
Evidence on which preventive and detective controls work, their costs and their side effects on legitimate customers.
Rights and data
How financial crime work handles sensitive data, privacy and the rights of customers and the public.
Built on named methods, connected across three institutions.
The platform applies artificial intelligence and machine learning, network science, data engineering, interoperability and stewardship, digital identity and public digital systems and distributed ledgers and digital assets; see the STEM foundation.
- Cybersecurity and Digital Resilience at GCRIInstitutionGCRIWhat it addsThe science of cyber threats and digital resilience.
- Digital Public Infrastructure at GCRIInstitutionGCRIWhat it addsDigital identity and payment infrastructure as public systems.
- AI and Digital Governance at GRFInstitutionGRFWhat it addsGovernance of AI, data and digital rights.
- Policy Nexus at GRFInstitutionGRFWhat it addsComparative policy analysis on financial integrity frameworks.
The areas of financial stability this platform takes on.
Financial Crime and Fraud Risk studies how criminals use financial services to steal, launder and evade sanctions, and how institutions, supervisors and law enforcement detect and disrupt them. Its pages cover payments and identity fraud, money laundering, suspicious activity reporting, consumer scams, sanctions, cyber-enabled crime and the data rights that limit monitoring, with every source labelled. Global Risks Alliance shares industry understanding; it makes no allegations, does not investigate and gives no legal or compliance advice.
Payments fraud
Card, account-to-account and instant payment fraud, including unauthorised and authorised push payment fraud.
Identity fraud
Stolen, synthetic and impersonated identities used to open accounts, take over accounts and obtain credit.
Money laundering
How criminal proceeds are placed, layered and integrated through banks, payment firms, trade and virtual assets.
Suspicious activity controls
Customer due diligence, transaction monitoring, reporting to financial intelligence units and their effectiveness.
Consumer scams
Investment, romance, impersonation and purchase scams that manipulate victims into sending money.
Sanctions
Financial sanctions regimes, screening, ownership and control, and evasion through intermediaries.
Cyber-enabled crime
Ransomware payments, business email compromise, account takeover and the laundering of crypto-asset proceeds.
Data and rights
Privacy, information sharing, de-risking and the rights of customers affected by financial crime controls.
Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
Every claim on Financial Crime and Fraud Risk rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.
How work moves in this field.
A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.
- Question Universe National, regional or institutional priority. Question in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
- Evidence Foundry STEM foundation of the platform. Evidence in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
- Build Foundry Foundry. Build in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
- Organise Universe Nexus ecosystem. Organise in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
- Test Universe Universe (independent site). Test in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
- Publish Reports Reports. Publish in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
- Decide Competent authority Competent authorities and institutions, through NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs). Decide in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
- Renew Universe Corrections and the next annual agenda. Renew in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.
- Labs
- Foundry
- Universe
- Nexus Standards
- Reports
- Risk Academy
- Competent authority (outside the programme)
How this works across the six pillars.
Financial Crime and Fraud Risk works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), the Global Risks Forum (GRF) and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in Labs, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in Nexus Standards, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.
handoff in playrecorded handoffno direct handoff
Programme yearAll phases
Route
The whole programme
Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year’s feedback loops.
L · F · U · S · R · A
- Pillars
- 6 of 6
- Handoffs
- 18 of 18
- Loops
- 17 closed
Handoffs in play
- F01Universe → Foundry · Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision caseReadiness preparation
- F02Foundry → Universe · Core Build Report and go or no-go evidenceControlled build
- F03Foundry → Reports · Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profileCloseout
- F04Universe → Reports · After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13After-action review
and 14 more
- LabsWhere questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.Labs
- FoundryWhere exposure and scenario evidence is built so supervisors, insurers and investors can read it.Financial Crime and Fraud Risk in FoundryFoundry
- UniverseWhere scenarios are tested in controlled exercises, and finance-readiness dialogues read what they mean for capital and cover.Financial Crime and Fraud Risk in Universeuniverse.nexus
- Nexus StandardsWhere disclosure and data rules are codified so risk evidence is comparable for finance and insurance.Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standardsnexustandards.com
- ReportsWhere sector analysis and the finance and insurance readiness series are published, with exposure and limits stated.Financial Crime and Fraud Risk in ReportsReports
- Risk AcademyWhere finance, insurance and public-finance professionals learn to read risk evidence, on Risk Academy.Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academyrisksacademy.com
The same field, seen three ways.
GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. Financial Crime and Fraud Risk links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.
- RegistryInstitutionGCRIShared fieldGovernance and institutions
- AgencyInstitutionGCRIShared fieldGovernance and institutions
- Cybersecurity and Digital ResilienceInstitutionGCRIShared fieldCyber and digital resilience
- Quantum TechnologiesInstitutionGCRIShared fieldCyber and digital resilience
- Digital Public InfrastructureInstitutionGCRIShared fieldCyber and digital resilience
- Research NexusInstitutionGRFShared fieldGovernance and institutions
- Policy NexusInstitutionGRFShared fieldGovernance and institutions
- Capital NexusInstitutionGRFShared fieldFinancial stability
Pages in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk.
Industry scope and publisher
PageFinancial discipline overview
PageProfessional research
PageTechnology and emerging practices
PageResilience and finance readiness
PageResearch and industry programmes
PageAnalytical and data resources
PageProfessional community
PageProfessional learning
PageProfessional meetings
PageReports and sector briefs
PageMembership and research participation
PageContact the industry platform
PageAntitrust, independence and financial perimeter
PageSTEM foundation of Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
PageHow work moves in this field
PageBuild in Foundry
PageTest in Universe
PagePublish in Reports
PageThe same field across the Consortium
PageTopics
Where this page leads across the Consortium.
Questions and answers.
Who publishes Financial Crime and Fraud Risk?
Is Financial Crime and Fraud Risk active?
How can I contribute?
Where are findings published?
Which values on this platform are real?
How do I report an error?
Can GRA help me recover money lost to fraud?
Does the platform share information about suspects between firms?
Contribute evidence from this page.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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How Financial Crime and Fraud Risk works.
Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform’s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.
Financial Crime and Fraud Risk
How Financial Crime and Fraud Risk works
Platforms · Programme year · Standards · Reports
A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.
01 Scope
- 01Field and familiesStart · The platform leadThe home states the field, its families and who it serves.
- 02Topic dossiersRecord · Platform authorsTopics explain the subject with labelled evidence.
02 Evidence
- 03Evidence labelsRecord · GCRIEach value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.
- 04MethodsStep · Method ownersMethods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.
03 Work
- 05Scenarios on the systemsModel · Foundry pillarScenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.
- 06Standards that applyRecord · Nexus StandardsThe platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.
04 Publish
- 07EditionsRecord · ReportsFindings are published through Reports with their limits.
- 08Authority decidesOutcome · The competent authorityDecisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.
Financial Crime and Fraud Risk home · Platforms · Shared methodsAn outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.
Take part in Financial Crime and Fraud Risk.
Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Financial Crime and Fraud Risk platform.
National institutions
Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. National chapters
Sectors and professions
Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Financial Crime and Fraud Risk. Participate
Learning
Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. Open learning
Standards
Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. Working groups
Communities and research
Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. Write to the team
| Open call | Seeks | Closes |
|---|---|---|
| Founding call for experts to the working groups CALL-FOUNDING-EXPERTS | expert, editor, chair | 2026-12-15 |
| Open nomination for the three independent expert seats of the Global Standards Council CALL-GSC-IND | council-member | 2026-12-01 |
| Nominations of interim regional members (applies only if the transitional provision is decided) CALL-GSC-REG | council-member | 2026-12-15 |
| Review of the wave-1 risk core outlines (C1, C2, C3, C4, C8, C10, C11) CALL-REVIEW-WAVE1 | contributor | 2027-01-31 |
| Experts for the core standards of risk science: uncertainty and evidence grading, scales, structured expert judgement, tolerability, extremes and compound events, catastrophic and existential risk, ethics and equity, units and measurement (NRS-C17 to NRS-C24) CALL-CORE-SCIENCE | expert, editor, chair | 2027-01-31 |
| Independent reviewers for the families of the hazard atlas, three from at least two regions for each family (NHS2-R19), priority families first CALL-ATLAS-REVIEW | expert | 2027-03-31 |
| Members of the interim Frontier Safety Review Panel and red-team reviewers (biosafety and biosecurity, AI safety and security, critical-infrastructure security); applications treated in confidence CALL-FRONTIER-SAFETY-REVIEW | expert | 2026-11-30 |
| Experts in ontology, metrology, software verification and conformity assessment for the requirement register, the NHS-2 machine representation, the conformance test suites and the conformity assessment scheme CALL-CONFORMANCE-ONTOLOGY | expert, editor | 2027-01-31 |
Calls past their closing date are hidden automatically. Every call, proposal and route: open areas and calls.
Gather the cell
Bring together three to seven people with complementary skills: data, field practice, policy and communication.
Register it
Write to the team with the cell’s name, members, area and region. You receive a reference and a contact. Write to the team
Choose a charter
Pick one focus: research and evidence, data and maps, standards review, or community preparedness.
Learn together
Follow shared study paths at Risk Academy, with practice and a record of every course completed. Hazards and resilience
Lead and report
Hold regular sessions. Publish what the cell learns through Reports. Bring findings to the working groups. Working groups
What a national team or a local community can do on The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX) today.
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The Index is the Consortium’s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its Nexus Standards identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.
- 01 · Sources205 registered sourcesEvery value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.Data and licences
- 02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 and NHS-1451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.Nexus Standards
- 03 · The Index54 series, 195 country profilesComputed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.The Global Risks Index
- 04 · This pageFinancial Crime and Fraud RiskMaps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of hazards, climate, conflict.Public API
Series in this context hazards, climate, conflict
- GLBGlobal SystemsThe state of interdependent global risk: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap…NXS-GRX-AR-000002Hazards · Climate · Conflict
- THDisaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)Signals, observations, event streams, geospatial layers and scenario packs turned into structured risk intelligence for preparedness and planning.NXS-GRX-AR-000111Hazards · Climate · Conflict
- GSGlobal CitiesUrban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000068Hazards · Infrastructure · Climate
- GSGlobal ClimateChronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.NXS-GRX-AR-000065Climate · Hazards · Finance
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Hazard domains NHS-1
- Atmosphere and weatherNXS-GRX-AR-000135
- Solid EarthNXS-GRX-AR-000138
- Systemic and compound eventsNXS-GRX-AR-000148
Geodata and API open
Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km² or as symbols: People · GHSL 2025People · WorldPop 2025Built-up areaPortsAirportsRoadsRailwaysRivers and lake centrelines
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Developers · Data · Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0
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