Valuing embedded guarantees
Options and guarantees in life and savings products are valued with stochastic scenarios that are consistent with market prices.
GRA · Actuarial and Quantitative Risk
Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition
Financial engineering values and structures instruments whose payoffs depend on risk. On this platform it covers valuation of guarantees and options in insurance contracts, asset-liability matching, longevity and catastrophe risk transfer and economic scenario generation.
Financial and risk engineering designs instruments, models and processes to measure, price and transfer risk. It applies quantitative methods to portfolios, insurance and risk-sharing arrangements. In insurance and catastrophe, methods and modelling and capital markets and investment, financial engineering enables physical and operational risks to be priced and transferred to capital markets. It informs the design of instruments that fund prevention and recovery. The canonical description is on the STEM Commons.
Options and guarantees in life and savings products are valued with stochastic scenarios that are consistent with market prices.
Interest rate, equity and credit scenarios are generated for capital and valuation, with calibration targets and validation documented.
Longevity swaps and catastrophe bonds are analysed for how they transfer risk, their basis risk and counterparty exposure.
Night lights, population density and flood water over Japan and Korea, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
Nexşeya înteraktîf JavaScript hewce dike; lîsteya qatan û çavkanî li jêr in.
Qat 3
Çalakî û rûbirûbûn, ji bo vê rûpelê
Klavye, dema ku nexşe di fokusê de ye
Ctrl an ⌘ bigire û bizivirîne da ku nêzîk bikî
Ya herî dawî ya heyî
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Wêneyên herî nû yên NASA tê barkirin.
Bikişîne da ku bilivîne. Ctrl an ⌘ û zivirandin, pincandin an bişkojkan ji bo nêzîkkirinê; ji bo nirxên di bin nîşanderê de li ser bisekine; vegerandin vedigere herêmê.
Activity and exposure, framed on Japan and Korea.Berhemên peyk û modelê wekî NASA diweşîne, her yek bi dîroka xwe. Nîşander in, ne nirxandinên tu cihî ne.
Qat û dîrok
Datasets and records used by financial and risk engineering on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in the source register.
| Dane | Rol | Nîşan |
|---|---|---|
| Market prices | Calibration | ÇAVDÊRÎKIRÎ |
| Contract terms | Payoff structures | DECLARED |
| Scenario sets | Valuation inputs | MODELKIRÎ |
The loss a portfolio in the footprint can expect per year and at the 1 in 100 and 1 in 250 levels that insurers and lenders price, from the same three blocks every catastrophe model uses. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Japan and Korea; the model itself is not tied to a place.
Kontrol
Xwendin
| Heyama vegerê (sal) | Intensity (intensity index) | Windahî (% ya nirxê) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 1.27 | 0.00 |
| 4 | 1.91 | 0.00 |
| 7 | 2.47 | 0.00 |
| 13 | 3.00 | 0.00 |
| 24 | 3.51 | 0.00 |
| 44 | 4.02 | 0.00 |
| 82 | 4.53 | 23.55 |
| 154 | 5.03 | 26.44 |
| 287 | 5.53 | 28.87 |
| 536 | 6.03 | 30.88 |
| 1,000 | 6.53 | 32.53 |
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
Li seranserê şeş stûnan, bi pêşengiya Nexus Consortium
Models are back-tested, benchmarked against alternatives and reviewed by independent validation functions. Stress tests probe behaviour beyond historical data.
| Kontrol bikin | How it is done |
|---|---|
| Market consistency | Scenarios reproduce calibration instrument prices |
| Scenario validation | Generators are tested for realistic behaviour |
| Hevgirtin | Results are checked for stability as scenario counts increase |
Models calibrated to normal markets can underestimate tail losses and correlation shifts. Complex instruments may obscure where risk ultimately sits.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Sîgorta û ji nû ve sîgorta: the shocks it names, the pergalan and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
Metirsî
Pergal û girêdan
Kontrol
NS-0 Destûr û prensîbNS-3 UNIyên tomara xetereyê (rêzimanî, nexşeya veguhastina ji pergala kevin, desthilata veqetandinê)NS-9 UNI yên çarçoveyî (belavkirin, mînak, mînakên bernameyê)NS-10 Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)NS-11 Piştrastkirin û çavdêrî (delîl, erêkirin, çavdêriya lihevhatina zero-trust)NS-14 Lihevhatin û nexşeya li standardên derveyîNRS-F3 Sîgorta, xetera felaketan û valahiyên parastinêNRS-H113 Malbata metirsiyê: Nazikiya pergala darayî (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)NRS-U17 Universe platform profile: Insurance NexusNRS-H71 Malbata metirsiyê: Felaketên kozmîk û yên dema kûr (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)NRS-H65 Malbata metirsiyê: Binpêkirinên sînorên gerstêrkê (NHS-1 planet.boundary)NRS-F8 Veguhastina xeterê ya parametrîk û li ser bingeha îndeksêÇavdêrî
Erdnîgariya mînakê
The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.
How losses from financial and risk engineering for actuarial and quantitative risk grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.
| Return period | Annual probability | Gross loss | Net loss | Net, capital = 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 in 10 | 0.10 | 14 | 10 | 10 |
| 1 in 50 | 0.02 | 33 | 21 | 21 |
| 1 in 100 | 0.01 | 46 | 27 | 27 |
| 1 in 250 | 0.004 | 68 | 39 | 39 |
| Windahiya salane ya navînî | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Actuarial and Quantitative Risk stewards financial and risk engineering for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
rêzeya Pergalên Stratejîk is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
Tu carî daneyên şexsî, hûrgiliyên binesaza hesas an tiştekî ku mafê we yê parvekirinê tune ne neşînin. Beşdarî berî bikaranînê tê nirxandin; şandina wê nivîskarî an mafên edîtorî nade û sponsorî tu carî encamekê nakire.
Agahî û pirs îro vekirî ne. Pirsek referansekê distîne û gava piştî wê dide nasîn; serlêdan, drav, veqetandina hesabkirinê û tomarkirin tenê dema ku tîm, mercên wê û kapasîteya vekolînê hebin vedibin.
Nexşe, dane û jimarên vê malperê ji bo çarçoveyê û agahiyên giştî têne nîşandan. Ew ne şîret, ne pêşbînî û ne hişyarî ne; sînorên agahiyê di Daxuyaniyên Berpirsiyariyê û Daxuyaniyên Daneyê de hatine diyarkirin.
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