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GRA · Reinsurance and Catastrophe

Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition

Structural and earthquake engineering for reinsurance and catastrophe

Structural engineering explains how buildings and infrastructure respond to wind, ground shaking, flood and fire. In catastrophe reinsurance it supplies the vulnerability functions that convert hazard intensity into damage and loss.

01تۆمارکردن

Structural and earthquake engineering for reinsurance and catastrophe on the record.

Method recordSTEM method
  1. ڕێگاStructural and earthquake engineering
  2. Applied inبیمەی ئەتکایی و کارەسات
  3. داتا3 inputs
  4. Canonical pageSTEM Commons
02بەکارهێنان

What structural and earthquake engineering does here.

Structural and earthquake engineering designs buildings, bridges and other structures to carry loads safely, including those from earthquakes, wind and floods. It determines how much damage the built environment suffers when hazards occur. In insurance and catastrophe, climate and hazards and disaster and crisis, structural engineering supplies vulnerability functions for loss models and guides retrofit priorities. It links hazard intensity to disruption of housing, services and supply chains. The canonical description is on the STEM Commons.

Vulnerability by construction class

Damage functions are developed by construction type, height, age and code era from engineering analysis and claims.

Building code effectiveness

Loss differences between buildings of different code eras are studied to show how much stronger standards reduce damage.

Post-event damage surveys

Field surveys after events record damage patterns by building type, which are then used to recalibrate vulnerability functions.

03Spatial finance

Assets on the grid, and the portfolio they make.

Where a portfolio’s assets sit, and how much of its value is most exposed. Hypothetical assets, not an assessment.

Sixteen assets at real towns, and the share of portfolio value in the most exposed places.Hypothetical assets and design scores, not advice.
04داتا

What the method consumes.

Datasets and records used by structural and earthquake engineering on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in the source register.

داتاڕۆڵناونیشان
Claims by construction typeCalibrationREPORTED
Engineering test resultsComponent behaviourچاودێریکراو
Post-event surveysDamage patternsچاودێریکراو
05چاودێری

Fragility analysis.

The screen a team would use to follow this method: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.

Fragility analysis

Reinsurance and catastrophe · Structural and earthquake · Run R-8382

Test campaignGRA · Reinsurance and Catastrophe

Damage states

Slight0.180.6Cosmetic
مامناوەند0.320.7Repairable
Extensive0.630.7Major
تەواو0.90.7Replace

Method card

ڕێگا
ئەندازیاری بونیادنەر و بوومەلەرزە
ستاندارد
lognormal fragility
پێداچووەر
سەربەخۆ
ناونیشان
مۆدێلکراو

Fragility curves

Fragility analysis: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Reinsurance and catastrophe.ناو و بەهای نموونەیی؛ دیزاینێکە، نەک تۆمار یان سیستەمی ڕاستەوخۆ.
06پشتڕاستکردنەوە

How results are checked.

Designs are checked against codes, laboratory and shake-table tests, and observed performance after events. Peer review is used for unusual structures.

بپشکنەHow it is done
Claims back-testingFunctions reproduce observed damage ratios
Secondary modifiersThe effect of roof, opening and foundation features is documented
Regional applicabilityFunctions are checked for the building stock where applied

Existing building stock is often poorly documented. Interaction of multiple hazards and degradation over time is incompletely represented.

07Loss model

Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss.

The loss a portfolio in the footprint can expect per year and at the 1 in 100 and 1 in 250 levels that insurers and lenders price, from the same three blocks every catastrophe model uses. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Gulf of Mexico coast; the model itself is not tied to a place.

کۆنترۆڵەکان

Typical annual peak ground acceleration (location)
0.04 g peak ground acceleration
بڵاوبوونەوەی لێکەوتە توندەکان (پێوەر)
0.05 g peak ground acceleration
توندییەک کە تێیدا نیوەی بەها لەدەست دەچێت
0.45 g peak ground acceleration
بڵاوبوونەوەی لاوازی
0.60
بەشی بەها لە شوێنپێی مەترسیدەردا
40%
ستانداردی پاراستن (ماوەی گەڕانەوە)
50 ساڵ

خوێندنەوەکان

تێکڕای زیانی ساڵانە
0.18% of value
زیان لە 1 لە 100 ساڵدا
7.9% of value
زیان لە 1 لە 250 ساڵدا
11.1% of value
توندی لە 1 لە 100 ساڵدا
0.27 g peak ground acceleration
ژمارە، ڕێگا و سەرچاوەکان
ماوەی گەڕانەوە (ساڵ)Intensity (g peak ground acceleration)زیان (% ی بەها)
1−0.020.00
20.060.00
40.100.00
70.130.00
130.170.00
240.200.00
440.230.00
820.267.23
1540.299.40
2870.3211.60
5360.3513.79
1,0000.3915.92

ڕێگاکان

  1. مەترسیدەری بەهای زۆرداری Gumbel Gumbel (1958)، Statistics of Extremes، Columbia University Press
  2. ناسکیی لۆگنۆرماڵ (لاوازی) FEMA (2003)، HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
  3. چەمکی ئەگەری تێپەڕبوون و تێکڕای زیانی ساڵانە Grossi و Kunreuther (2005)، Catastrophe Modeling، Springer
  4. کاریگەری بەربەست Di Baldassarre و ئەوانی دیکە (2013)، Socio-hydrology، HESS 17
  5. پەنجەی نادڵنیایی (مۆنتی کارلۆی پارامیتەر) Spiegelhalter, Pearson و Short (2011)، Visualising uncertainty about the future، Science 333
  6. هەستیاریی یەک-یەک (تۆرناد) Saltelli و ئەوانی دیکە (2008)، Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer، Wiley

داتا

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • ڕووبارەکان Natural Earth
  • بەرینی شارەکان Natural Earth
  • شارەکان Natural Earth
  • بوومەلەرزەکانی M4.5+، هەفتەی ڕابردوو (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey · register usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
  • ڕێژەی باران، نیو کاتژمێری ڕابردوو (IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • پێشبینی ڕۆیشتنی ڕووبار، 30 ڕۆژ لەگەڵ مەودا (GloFAS لە ڕێگەی Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS · register open-meteo.public-pages
  • بەرینی دروستکراو و نیشتەجێبوون، 2010 (HBASE، Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · register sedac.context-urban-layers
Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Gumbel extreme-value hazard (Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press); Lognormal fragility (vulnerability) (FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual); Exceedance-probability curve and average annual loss (Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer).

لە ناو شەش کۆڵەکەکەدا، بە سەرپەرشتیی Nexus Consortium

08Connections

Topics that rely on this method.

09شبیهسازی دووانە و زنجیرەیی

Trace a shock to the balance sheet.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile بیمە و دووبارەبیمە: the shocks it names, the سیستەمەکان and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

مەترسیدەرەکان

  • Tropical cyclone
  • بوومەلەرزە
  • Ice-jam flood
  • ئاگری دارستان
  • Storm surge (set off downstream)
  • Intense rainfall (set off downstream)
  • River flood (set off downstream)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • Dangerous surf (set off downstream)
  • پچڕانی کارەبای فراوان (لە خوارەوە دەستپێدەکات)
  • ئاوارەبوونی بەکۆمەڵ (لە خوارەوە دەستپێدەکات)
  • Coastal flood (set off downstream)
  • Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
  • Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
  • Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
  • Slope slide (set off downstream)
  • Rockfall (set off downstream)
  • Tsunami (set off downstream)

کۆنترۆڵەکان

  • NS-0 دەستوور و بنەماکان
  • NS-3 UNIەکانی تۆماری مەترسی (ڕێزمان، خشتەی گواستنەوەی کۆن، دەسەڵاتی تەرخانکردن)
  • NS-9 UNIی ناوەڕۆکی (دامەزراندنەکان، نموونەکان، نموونەکانی پڕۆگرام)
  • NS-10 Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)
  • NS-11 سەلماندن و چاودێری (بەڵگە، گواهییەکان، چاودێریی گونجان لەگەڵ zero-trust)
  • NS-14 پابەندبوون و هاوتاکردن لەگەڵ ستانداردی دەرەکی
  • NRS-F3 بیمە، مەترسیی کارەسات و کەلێنەکانی پاراستن
  • NRS-H113 خێزانی مەترسیدەر: ناسکیی سیستەمی دارایی (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)
  • NRS-U17 Universe platform profile: Insurance Nexus
  • NRS-H71 خێزانی مەترسیدەر: کارەساتە کەونی و کاتی قووڵەکان (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)
  • NRS-H65 خێزانی مەترسیدەر: پێشێلکردنی سنوورەکانی گۆی زەوی (NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-F8 گواستنەوەی مەترسیی پارامێتری و لەسەر بنەمای نیشاندەر

چاودێری

  • OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)
  • Insurance statistics (listed for reference)
  • USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product
  • (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults

جوگرافیای نموونە

  • Western Europe: 152 hexagonal cells
  • ڕێژەی بارین، نیو کاتژمێری ڕابردوو (IMERG)، NASA GIBS
  • ڕووناکییەکانی شەو ئەمشەو، پچڕانی کارەبا (VIIRS Day/Night Band)، NASA GIBS
  • ئاوی ڕووی زەوی لە ڕێگەی هەورەوە، 30 م (ڕادارەی OPERA DSWx-S1)، NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
10Stewardship

Who maintains the method.

شارەکان و ژینگەی دروستکراو stewards structural and earthquake engineering for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.

11Exposure, loss and capital

What it means for exposure, loss and capital.

The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.

Exposure and loss at return periods

How losses from structural and earthquake engineering for reinsurance and catastrophe grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.

1 in 101 in 501 in 1001 in 250grossnet of reinsurance800
Return periodAnnual probabilityGross lossNet lossNet, capital = 100
1 in 100.10141010
1 in 500.02332121
1 in 1000.01462727
1 in 2500.004683939
تێکڕای زیانی ساڵانە3.12.22.2
Illustrative loss index for a example portfolio (capital = 100): the exceedance-probability form insurers and supervisors read. Not data on any institution, not a price or a rating.
NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
12پەیوەست

ئەو شوێنانەی ئەم لاپەڕەیە لە ناو کۆنسۆرتیۆم بۆیان دەبات.

13پرسیارەکان

پرسیار و وەڵام.

What are the limits of structural and earthquake engineering in this field?
Existing building stock is often poorly documented. Interaction of multiple hazards and degradation over time is incompletely represented.
How are results checked?
Designs are checked against codes, laboratory and shake-table tests, and observed performance after events. Peer review is used for unusual structures.
Are the values on this page real?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
Where else is this method applied?
ئەو canonical method page lists every platform that applies it.
Reportsبەشداربە

لەم لاپەڕەیەوە بەڵگە پێشکەش بکە.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Global Risks Allianceبیمەی ئەتکایی و کارەساتئامادەیی دارایی و بیمەڕێگا و تەکنیکی
بیمەی ئەتکایی و کارەسات

Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.

زانیاری و پرسیار ئەمڕۆ کراوەن. پرسیارێک ژمارەی ئاماژەی پێدەدرێت و هەنگاوی دواتر دیاری دەکات؛ داواکاری، پارەدان، تەرخانکردنی کۆمپیوتەر و تۆمارکردن تەنیا کاتێک دەکرێنەوە کە تیم، مەرج و توانای پێداچوونەوەیان هەبێت.