GRA · Reinsurance and Catastrophe
Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition
Reinsurance and Catastrophe
Reinsurance, catastrophe modelling, protection gaps and accumulated physical risk in the insurance system. Reinsurance and Catastrophe is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance.
- STEM methods
- 8
- Canonical methods this field applies
- Topics
- 8
- Subject pages in the field
- Counterparts
- 11
- Platforms in shared fields across the network
- Report series
- 2
- Reports series it contributes to
The areas of insurance and catastrophe this platform takes on.
Reinsurance and Catastrophe studies how the largest insured losses are modelled, accumulated, transferred and capitalised: reinsurance contracts and programmes, catastrophe models and their validation, portfolio accumulation, retrocession and insurance-linked securities, the protection gap and the effect of a changing climate on natural catastrophe risk. Its pages set out the mechanisms, data, methods and decisions, with every value labelled by its evidence. Global Risks Alliance shares industry understanding and does not underwrite, model portfolios, rate or advise.
Reinsurance structures
Proportional and non-proportional treaties, facultative cover, layers, reinstatements and how programmes are built and renewed.
Catastrophe models
Hazard, vulnerability, exposure and financial modules that simulate events and estimate the distribution of insured loss.
Accumulation
How exposures concentrate by peril and region across a portfolio, and the controls that limit a single event’s loss.
Protection gaps
Economic catastrophe losses left uninsured, why they persist and how public and private schemes address them.
Climate and natural catastrophe
How warming changes the frequency and severity of perils, and how models and pricing take it into account.
Retrocession and capital
Retrocession, catastrophe bonds, collateralised reinsurance, sidecars and the capital that backs the tail.
Model validation
Testing catastrophe models against observations, other models and expert judgement before they inform capital and price.
Loss data
Event loss records, industry loss estimates and claims data that calibrate models and trigger contracts.
Catastrophe model results.
The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
Catastrophe model results
Cedent C-07 · Peril: tropical cyclone · Model v19
- AAL57local m
- OEP 1-in-200310local m10Watch
- TVaR 1-in-200646local mWatch
- Rooftop geocoding81pct of TIVNormal
Exceedance probability
Programme layers
| Retention | 0 | 69 | n/a | |
| Layer 1 | 42 | 99 | 11 | 1-in-9 |
| Layer 2 | 199 | 168 | 3 | 1-in-35 |
| Layer 3 | 301 | 264 | 1.4 | 1-in-215 |
Model pipeline
- Event cataloguestochastic
- Hazardintensity
- ExposureTIV
- Vulnerabilitydamage curves
- Financialterms
- ELT · YLTlosses
- EP · TVaRmetrics
The questions this field works on.
Reinsurance structures
Treaty and facultative risk-sharing concepts.
TopicCatastrophe models
Event sets, vulnerability and limits.
TopicAggregate accumulation
Concentrations across regions and perils.
TopicProtection gaps
Coverage, affordability and systemic consequences.
TopicClimate and natural catastrophe
Changing physical hazards and nonstationarity.
TopicRetrocession and capital
Layered risk-transfer market dependencies.
TopicModel validation
Uncertainty, sensitivity and benchmarks.
TopicCatastrophe loss data
Loss reporting and data quality.
Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss.
The loss a portfolio in the footprint can expect per year and at the 1 in 100 and 1 in 250 levels that insurers and lenders price, from the same three blocks every catastrophe model uses. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.
Controls
- Typical annual hazard intensity (location)
- 1.00 intensity index
- Spread of extremes (scale)
- 0.80 intensity index
- Intensity at which half the value is lost
- 4.00 intensity index
- Dispersion of vulnerability
- 0.55
- Share of value in the hazard footprint
- 40%
- Protection standard (return period)
- 50 years
Readouts
- Average annual loss
- 0.51% of value
- Loss at 1 in 100 years
- 24.5% of value
- Loss at 1 in 250 years
- 28.4% of value
- Intensity at 1 in 100 years
- 4.68 intensity index
Numbers, methods and sources
| Return period (years) | Intensity (intensity index) | Loss (% of value) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 1.27 | 0.00 |
| 4 | 1.91 | 0.00 |
| 7 | 2.47 | 0.00 |
| 13 | 3.00 | 0.00 |
| 24 | 3.51 | 0.00 |
| 44 | 4.02 | 0.00 |
| 82 | 4.53 | 23.55 |
| 154 | 5.03 | 26.44 |
| 287 | 5.53 | 28.87 |
| 536 | 6.03 | 30.88 |
| 1,000 | 6.53 | 32.53 |
Methods
- Gumbel extreme-value hazard Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press
- Lognormal fragility (vulnerability) FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
- Exceedance-probability curve and average annual loss Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer
- Levee effect Di Baldassarre and others (2013), Socio-hydrology, HESS 17
- Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
Data
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- Rivers Natural Earth
- Urban extents Natural Earth
- Cities Natural Earth
- Earthquakes M4.5+, past week (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey · register usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
- Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
- River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS · register open-meteo.public-pages
- Built-up and settlement extent, 2010 (HBASE, Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · register sedac.context-urban-layers
Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium
- Experiments Labs
- Built in Reinsurance and Catastrophe in Foundry
- Tested at Reinsurance and Catastrophe in Universe
- Codified in Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standards
- Published in Reinsurance and Catastrophe in Reports
- Taught in Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academy
What Reinsurance and Catastrophe does.
Reinsurance and catastrophe risk covers how the largest insured losses are modelled, accumulated, transferred to reinsurers and capital markets, and capitalised. Global Risks Alliance’s platform explains treaty structures, catastrophe models and validation, accumulation, protection gaps, climate effects and loss data. It does not underwrite, model portfolios or advise.
Its community
Reinsurance analysts; catastrophe modellers; actuaries; insurance risk teams.
Its methods
NatCat modelling; exposure aggregation; recovery and uncertainty.
Its outputs
Catastrophe-risk explainers; reinsurance evidence briefs.
Trace a shock in Reinsurance and Catastrophe to the balance sheet.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Insurance and reinsurance: the shocks it names, the systems and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
Hazards
- Tropical cyclone
- Earthquake
- Ice-jam flood
- Wildfire
- Storm surge (set off downstream)
- Intense rainfall (set off downstream)
- River flood (set off downstream)
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- Dangerous surf (set off downstream)
- Widespread power outage (set off downstream)
- Mass displacement (set off downstream)
- Coastal flood (set off downstream)
- Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
- Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
- Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
- Slope slide (set off downstream)
- Rockfall (set off downstream)
- Tsunami (set off downstream)
Systems and couplings
- Insurance and reinsurance
- Banking Coupling
- Development finance institutions Coupling
- Humanitarian and civil society Coupling
- Agriculture and land use Coupling
Controls
NS-0Constitution and principlesNS-3Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)NS-9Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)NS-10Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)NS-11Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)NS-14Conformance and crosswalk to external standardsNRS-F3Insurance, catastrophe risk and protection gapsNRS-H113Hazard family: Financial-system fragility (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)NRS-U17Universe platform profile: Insurance NexusNRS-H71Hazard family: Deep-time and cosmic catastrophes (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)NRS-H65Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)NRS-F8Parametric and index-based risk transfer
Observation
- OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)
- Insurance statistics (listed for reference)
- USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product
- (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults
Example geography
- Western Europe: 152 hexagonal cells
- Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS
- Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
- Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS
- Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
Catastrophe losses are rare, extreme and correlated.
Most insurance works because losses are numerous, small and largely independent: car accidents or house fires in one place are not much affected by those in another, so the law of large numbers makes the total predictable. Catastrophes break that logic. A single hurricane, earthquake or flood can damage many insured properties at once, across lines of business and across insurers. Losses are rare, so history offers few examples, and they sit in the extreme tail of the distribution, where statistics are least reliable.
The insurance system manages this through layers. Primary insurers buy reinsurance to cap their catastrophe exposure; reinsurers diversify across regions and perils and buy retrocession; and some risk is transferred to capital markets through instruments such as catastrophe bonds. Catastrophe models, which combine hazard science, engineering and actuarial methods, are used throughout to estimate how much could be lost and how often.
Failures cascade when exposures accumulate unseen, when models underestimate tails, or when hazards change faster than models and prices. After major events, reinsurance capacity can tighten and prices rise, leading primary insurers to raise premiums or withdraw from high-risk areas. Uninsured losses then fall on households, businesses and governments. This gap between economic and insured losses, the protection gap, is one of the clearest links between physical risk and economic resilience.
What Reinsurance and Catastrophe means for exposure, loss and capital.
The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.
Exposure and loss at return periods
How losses from Reinsurance and Catastrophe grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.
| Return period | Annual probability | Gross loss | Net loss | Net, capital = 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 in 10 | 0.10 | 14 | 10 | 10 |
| 1 in 50 | 0.02 | 33 | 21 | 21 |
| 1 in 100 | 0.01 | 46 | 27 | 27 |
| 1 in 250 | 0.004 | 68 | 39 | 39 |
| Average annual loss | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Financing instruments by layer
How retention and transfer instruments could share losses from Reinsurance and Catastrophe, from frequent to extreme.
| Layer | Who holds the risk | Speed of funds | Main limit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Retention and reserves | Budget, contingency funds | Immediate | Size of the budget |
| Contingent credit | Development banks, ministries of finance | Days to weeks | Debt capacity |
| Parametric cover and risk pools | Regional pools, insurers | Days, on a trigger | Basis risk |
| Reinsurance and catastrophe bonds | Reinsurers, capital markets investors | Weeks to months | Cost of capital |
| Residual loss | Households, firms, humanitarian funding | Uncertain | Unfunded |
Shared understanding of catastrophe risk, models and protection.
The platform is designed to bring the industry and scientists together on precompetitive questions: how catastrophe models work and fail, how exposures accumulate, and how protection gaps form.
NatCat modelling
How hazard, vulnerability and financial modules combine, and where their uncertainty lies. See catastrophe models.
Exposure aggregation
How concentrations build across regions, perils and portfolios. See aggregate accumulation.
Recovery and uncertainty
How protection affects recovery, and what is uncertain. See protection gaps.
Signature outputs are designed to include catastrophe-risk explainers and reinsurance evidence briefs, released with their methods and limits. This page is general research for professional understanding. It is not underwriting, pricing, investment or legal advice, and it does not recommend any model, product or counterparty.
Exposure, hazard and the exceedance curve.
Which places drive loss in a severe year, and how far it reaches into reinsurance. Illustrative design values.
How the platform connects to science and to the other institutions.
The platform is the steward of extreme value theory and tail risk in the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) STEM Commons and applies seven further methods: actuarial mathematics, climate and atmospheric science, Earth and geophysical science, uncertainty quantification and model validation, hydrology and water science, ocean and coastal science and structural and earthquake engineering. Its STEM applications show how each is used.
Hazard science comes from The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), notably Climate and Hazards, Disaster Resilience and Recovery and Oceans and Coasts. At the Global Risks Forum (GRF), Disaster and Crisis Governance convenes governance dialogue on disasters and crises. Within GRA, it works alongside the Insurance Nexus, Disaster Risk Finance and Actuarial and Quantitative Risk. See all counterparts.
Platform research is designed to feed the Reports Finance and Insurance Readiness series and Methods and Technical series, and a Universe exercise comparing catastrophe models for a hazard season, described on the platform’s Universe page.
Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
Every claim on Reinsurance and Catastrophe rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.
How work moves in this field.
A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.
- Question Universe National, regional or institutional priority. Question in Reinsurance and Catastrophe
- Evidence Foundry STEM foundation of the platform. Evidence in Reinsurance and Catastrophe
- Build Foundry Foundry. Build in Reinsurance and Catastrophe
- Organise Universe Nexus ecosystem. Organise in Reinsurance and Catastrophe
- Test Universe Universe (independent site). Test in Reinsurance and Catastrophe
- Publish Reports Reports. Publish in Reinsurance and Catastrophe
- Decide Competent authority Competent authorities and institutions, through NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs). Decide in Reinsurance and Catastrophe
- Renew Universe Corrections and the next annual agenda. Renew in Reinsurance and Catastrophe
Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.
- Labs
- Foundry
- Universe
- Nexus Standards
- Reports
- Risk Academy
- Competent authority (outside the programme)
How this works across the six pillars.
Reinsurance and Catastrophe works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in Labs, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in Nexus Standards, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.
handoff in playrecorded handoffno direct handoff
Programme yearAll phases
Route
The whole programme
Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year’s feedback loops.
L · F · U · S · R · A
- Pillars
- 6 of 6
- Handoffs
- 18 of 18
- Loops
- 17 closed
Handoffs in play
- F01Universe → Foundry · Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision caseReadiness preparation
- F02Foundry → Universe · Core Build Report and go or no-go evidenceControlled build
- F03Foundry → Reports · Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profileCloseout
- F04Universe → Reports · After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13After-action review
and 14 more
- LabsWhere questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.Labs
- FoundryWhere exposure and scenario evidence is built so supervisors, insurers and investors can read it.Reinsurance and Catastrophe in FoundryFoundry
- UniverseWhere scenarios are tested in controlled exercises, and finance-readiness dialogues read what they mean for capital and cover.Reinsurance and Catastrophe in Universeuniverse.nexus
- Nexus StandardsWhere disclosure and data rules are codified so risk evidence is comparable for finance and insurance.Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standardsnexustandards.com
- ReportsWhere sector analysis and the finance and insurance readiness series are published, with exposure and limits stated.Reinsurance and Catastrophe in ReportsReports
- Risk AcademyWhere finance, insurance and public-finance professionals learn to read risk evidence, on Risk Academy.Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academyrisksacademy.com
What the work is read against.
The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.
| Framework or standard | Body | What it sets |
|---|---|---|
| Insurance Core Principles, ComFrame and the Insurance Capital Standard | International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) | Supervisory baseline for insurers and reinsurers, and a group capital standard for internationally active insurance groups that includes catastrophe risk |
| Solvency II natural catastrophe standard formula and internal model approval | European Union, with EIOPA technical standards and periodic reassessment | Catastrophe risk charges by peril and region, and the requirements for using an approved internal model |
| NAIC risk-based capital catastrophe risk charge | National Association of Insurance Commissioners (United States) | Catastrophe charges for modelled perils in the United States risk-based capital formula |
| Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement and catastrophe return | Bermuda Monetary Authority | Capital and catastrophe reporting for the Bermuda reinsurance and insurance-linked securities market |
| Lloyd’s Realistic Disaster Scenarios | Lloyd’s of London | Prescribed catastrophe scenarios that managing agents use to report and control exposure |
| Oasis Loss Modelling Framework open standards | Oasis LMF, a not-for-profit company | Open data formats and a platform for running catastrophe models with interchangeable components |
| Actuarial Standard of Practice on catastrophe modelling | Actuarial Standards Board (United States) | Professional standards for actuaries using or reviewing catastrophe models |
| Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction | UNDRR | Targets for reducing disaster losses, including financial protection and risk transfer as part of risk reduction |
| Global Shield against Climate Risks | V20 and G7, with partners including the World Bank and GIZ | A framework for pre-arranged climate and disaster risk finance and insurance in vulnerable countries |
The same field, seen three ways.
GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. Reinsurance and Catastrophe links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.
- Water NexusInstitutionGCRIShared fieldClimate and hazards
- Food NexusInstitutionGCRIShared fieldClimate and hazards
- Energy NexusInstitutionGCRIShared fieldClimate and hazards
- Biodiversity NexusInstitutionGCRIShared fieldClimate and hazards
- Climate and HazardsInstitutionGCRIShared fieldClimate and hazards, Disaster and crisis
- Disaster Resilience and RecoveryInstitutionGCRIShared fieldDisaster and crisis, Climate and hazards
- Oceans and CoastsInstitutionGCRIShared fieldClimate and hazards
- Space and Earth ObservationInstitutionGCRIShared fieldClimate and hazards
Pages in Reinsurance and Catastrophe.
Industry scope and publisher
PageFinancial discipline overview
PageProfessional research
PageTechnology and emerging practices
PageResilience and finance readiness
PageResearch and industry programmes
PageAnalytical and data resources
PageProfessional community
PageProfessional learning
PageProfessional meetings
PageReports and sector briefs
PageMembership and research participation
PageContact the industry platform
PageAntitrust, independence and financial perimeter
PageSTEM foundation of Reinsurance and Catastrophe
PageHow work moves in this field
PageBuild in Foundry
PageTest in Universe
PagePublish in Reports
PageThe same field across the Consortium
PageTopics
Where this page leads across the Consortium.
Questions and answers.
Who publishes Reinsurance and Catastrophe?
Is Reinsurance and Catastrophe active?
How can I contribute?
Where are findings published?
Which values on this platform are real?
How do I report an error?
Does the platform price or place reinsurance?
Does it endorse any catastrophe model?
Contribute evidence from this page.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- EmailGateway GW-GRASend it from this pageEvidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.
- ZenodoOpen depositDeposit it and submit to the communityPublish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.
- ReportsGlobal Risks AllianceSee every way to contributeThe contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.
Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.
How Reinsurance and Catastrophe works.
Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform’s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.
Reinsurance and Catastrophe
How Reinsurance and Catastrophe works
Platforms · Programme year · Standards · Reports
A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.
01 Scope
- 01Field and familiesStart · The platform leadThe home states the field, its families and who it serves.
- 02Topic dossiersRecord · Platform authorsTopics explain the subject with labelled evidence.
02 Evidence
- 03Evidence labelsRecord · GCRIEach value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.
- 04MethodsStep · Method ownersMethods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.
03 Work
- 05Scenarios on the systemsModel · Foundry pillarScenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.
- 06Standards that applyRecord · Nexus StandardsThe platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.
04 Publish
- 07EditionsRecord · ReportsFindings are published through Reports with their limits.
- 08Authority decidesOutcome · The competent authorityDecisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.
Reinsurance and Catastrophe home · Platforms · Shared methodsAn outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.
Take part in Reinsurance and Catastrophe.
Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Reinsurance and Catastrophe platform.
National institutions
Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. National chapters
Sectors and professions
Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Reinsurance and Catastrophe. Participate
Learning
Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. Open learning
Standards
Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. Working groups
Communities and research
Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. Write to the team
| Open call | Seeks | Closes |
|---|---|---|
| Founding call for experts to the working groups CALL-FOUNDING-EXPERTS | expert, editor, chair | 2026-12-15 |
| Open nomination for the three independent expert seats of the Global Standards Council CALL-GSC-IND | council-member | 2026-12-01 |
| Nominations of interim regional members (applies only if the transitional provision is decided) CALL-GSC-REG | council-member | 2026-12-15 |
| Review of the wave-1 risk core outlines (C1, C2, C3, C4, C8, C10, C11) CALL-REVIEW-WAVE1 | contributor | 2027-01-31 |
| Experts for the core standards of risk science: uncertainty and evidence grading, scales, structured expert judgement, tolerability, extremes and compound events, catastrophic and existential risk, ethics and equity, units and measurement (NRS-C17 to NRS-C24) CALL-CORE-SCIENCE | expert, editor, chair | 2027-01-31 |
| Independent reviewers for the families of the hazard atlas, three from at least two regions for each family (NHS2-R19), priority families first CALL-ATLAS-REVIEW | expert | 2027-03-31 |
| Members of the interim Frontier Safety Review Panel and red-team reviewers (biosafety and biosecurity, AI safety and security, critical-infrastructure security); applications treated in confidence CALL-FRONTIER-SAFETY-REVIEW | expert | 2026-11-30 |
| Experts in ontology, metrology, software verification and conformity assessment for the requirement register, the NHS-2 machine representation, the conformance test suites and the conformity assessment scheme CALL-CONFORMANCE-ONTOLOGY | expert, editor | 2027-01-31 |
Calls past their closing date are hidden automatically. Every call, proposal and route: open areas and calls.
Gather the cell
Bring together three to seven people with complementary skills: data, field practice, policy and communication.
Register it
Write to the team with the cell’s name, members, area and region. You receive a reference and a contact. Write to the team
Choose a charter
Pick one focus: research and evidence, data and maps, standards review, or community preparedness.
Learn together
Follow shared study paths at Risk Academy, with practice and a record of every course completed. Hazards and resilience
Lead and report
Hold regular sessions. Publish what the cell learns through Reports. Bring findings to the working groups. Working groups
What a national team or a local community can do on The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX) today.
Your country’s profile
Open risk profiles for 195 countries, with sources and licences on every value. Open the Index
Correct or reply
Correct a value or reply for your country. The change is logged with its effect. Open the Index
Offer data
Offer a dataset. It enters through the licence gate, with your credit. Open the Index
Every figure on this page is indexed: hazards, climate, conflict, the world.
The Index is the Consortium’s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its Nexus Standards identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.
- 01 · Sources205 registered sourcesEvery value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.Data and licences
- 02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 and NHS-1451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.Nexus Standards
- 03 · The Index54 series, 195 country profilesComputed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.The Global Risks Index
- 04 · This pageReinsurance and CatastropheMaps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of hazards, climate, conflict.Public API
Series in this context hazards, climate, conflict
- GLBGlobal SystemsThe state of interdependent global risk: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap…NXS-GRX-AR-000002Hazards · Climate · Conflict
- THDisaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)Signals, observations, event streams, geospatial layers and scenario packs turned into structured risk intelligence for preparedness and planning.NXS-GRX-AR-000111Hazards · Climate · Conflict
- GSGlobal CitiesUrban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000068Hazards · Infrastructure · Climate
- GSGlobal ClimateChronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.NXS-GRX-AR-000065Climate · Hazards · Finance
Country profiles the world
Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. Correct a value or reply
Hazard domains NHS-1
- Atmosphere and weatherNXS-GRX-AR-000135
- Solid EarthNXS-GRX-AR-000138
- Systemic and compound eventsNXS-GRX-AR-000148
Geodata and API open
Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km² or as symbols: People · GHSL 2025People · WorldPop 2025Built-up areaPortsAirportsRoadsRailwaysRivers and lake centrelines
/api/v1/public/grix · https://nexustandards.com/uni/{uni}
Developers · Data · Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0
Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 · 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.
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