GRA · Reinsurance and Catastrophe
Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition
Global industry questions
Catastrophe risk is shared globally through reinsurance and capital markets, so its measurement and capacity are global questions. This page lists those Reinsurance and Catastrophe follows in 2026 with their references.
01Contents
Global industry questions in four parts.
02Ububanzi
Global subject programme in Reinsurance and Catastrophe.
- 01
Reinsurance structures
Treaty and facultative risk-sharing concepts.
- 02
Catastrophe models
Event sets, vulnerability and limits.
- 03
Aggregate accumulation
Concentrations across regions and perils.
- 04
Izikhala zokuvikeleka
Coverage, affordability and systemic consequences.
- 05
Climate and natural catastrophe
Changing physical hazards and nonstationarity.
- 06
Retrocession and capital
Layered risk-transfer market dependencies.
03Geography
Hazards and exposure in the Gulf of Mexico coast.
Population density, flood water and active fires over the Gulf of Mexico coast, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
Imephu esebenzisanayo idinga i-JavaScript; uhlu lwezendlalelo nemithombo luphansi.
Izendlalelo 3
Hazards and exposure, for this page
About this layer
- Ubufakazi
- Estimated
- Umthombo
- Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
- Provider
- NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- Vintage
- null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
- Resolution
- about 1 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
- Reached through
- this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
- Ubufakazi
- Observed (clouds leave gaps)
- Umthombo
- VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
- Ubufakazi
- Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)
- Umthombo
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- Licence
- Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.
- Reached through
- this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
- Ubufakazi
- Observed
- Umthombo
- VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- Licence
- Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.
- Reached through
- this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
- Ubufakazi
- Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)
- Umthombo
- VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- Vintage
- 8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-09-14
- Resolution
- about 1 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.
- Reached through
- this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
- Ubufakazi
- Estimated
- Umthombo
- GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)
- Provider
- NASA GES DISC
- Licence
- Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite estimate, near real time
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolution
- about 2 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
Ikhibhodi, kugxilwe emephini
Bamba u-Ctrl noma u-⌘ bese uskrola ukuze usondeze
Okutholakala kwakamuva
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Iyalayisha izithombe zakamuva ze-NASA.
Donsa ukuze unyakazise. U-Ctrl noma u-⌘ bese uskrola, ucindezele ngeminwe emibili noma izinkinobho ukuze usondeze; beka isikhombi ukuze ubone amanani aphansi kwaso; ukusetha kabusha kubuyisela esifundeni.
Hazards and exposure, framed on the Gulf of Mexico coast.Imikhiqizo yesathelayithi nemodeli njengoba i-NASA iyishicilela, ngayinye nosuku lwayo. Ziyizikhombisi, ayisikho ukuhlolwa kwanoma yiphi indawo.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · U.S. Geological Survey · CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASEImithombo namalayisense
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- Kwenziwe nge-Natural Earth. Idatha yamamephu yamahhala ye-vector ne-raster ku-naturalearthdata.com. Esizindeni somphakathi
- © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Idatha evulekile ye-NASA
- Umongo ephaseleni nasemephini oyisicaba: amagoda olwandle, imingcele, imigwaqo namagama ezindawo avela emaleyeni ereferensi e-NASA GIBS (idatha ye-OpenStreetMap, ODbL, © abafaki be-OpenStreetMap); izithombe ze-Blue Marble njengesisekelo ongasikhetha; umhlaba we-3D nokufundwa kokuphakama okuvela enkombeni yombala wokuphakama ye-ASTER GDEM (amakilasi e-5 m kuya ku-200 m, andiswe ukuze afundeke kahle). Imingcele idwetshwe njengoba ishicilelwe futhi ayisho sikhundla ngasiphi isifunda.
- Imicimbi eqondene nesikhathi samanje: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); imicimbi iyisikhombisi kuphela futhi igcina izixhumanisi zomthombo wayo wokuqala.
- Bukhoma: NASA EONET Imicimbi iyisikhombisi, akuyizixwayiso zesiphathimandla.
- Bukhoma: U.S. Geological Survey Imicimbi iyisikhombisi, akuyizixwayiso zesiphathimandla.
- Context: CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, and NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010; Seto, Guneralp and Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030; Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013.
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Isibikezelo sokugcwala komfula, izinsuku ezingu-30 ngobubanzi (GloFAS nge-Open-Meteo): Iqukethe ulwazi lwe-Copernicus Emergency Management Service olushintshiwe lwango-2026; akusona isexwayiso sezikhukhula.
- Idatha yesimo sezulu ivela ku-Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), enelayisense ye-CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Optional layers (12 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.
Izendlalelo nezinsuku
- Ukuminyana kwabantu, 2020: Abantu: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · okungashintshi
- Amanzi esikhukhula, inhlanganisela yezinsuku ezi-3: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Okt 2026
- Imililo esebenzayo nokungajwayelekile kokushisa: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Okt 2026
- Amalambu ebusuku, nsuku zonke: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Okt 2026
- Izinga lokushisa lobuso bomhlaba, emini, inhlanganisela yezinsuku ezi-8: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, izinsuku ezi-8, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
- Izinga lemvula, isilinganiso sosuku: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 Okt 2026
04Imibuzo
Global questions and references.
| Umbuzo | Reference | Isimo |
|---|---|---|
| How is catastrophe risk captured in group capital? | IAIS Insurance Capital Standard | Adopted December 2024 |
| How do supervisors monitor sector-wide catastrophe exposure? | IAIS GIMAR and Holistic Framework | Annual |
| How should climate scenarios inform catastrophe risk? | IAIS climate application paper; NGFS scenarios | 2025; Phase VI announced |
| How transparent can catastrophe models be? | Open loss modelling frameworks | Community-maintained |
05Inqubo
How the process runs.
Process explorer · Process
Global industry questions: Programme through eight gates
11 steps·4 stages·8 gates
Inqubo
Global industry questions: Programme through eight gates
The Global Risks Forum (GRF) records eight yearly gates, each a programme decision; a gate not passed stops its work, and the competent authority decides outside.
01 Q1 · Ukuhlela
- 01G0 · Annual programme authorisedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF authorises the annual mandate. It never sets a national agenda.
- 03Route the candidate mission to standardsStep · Nexus StandardsI-Nexus Standards iqondisa umsebenzi ngamunye oqokiwe ozokhethwa ezindinganisweni nasemaphrofayilini asebenzayo.
02 Q2 · Ukulungela nokwakha
- 04G1 · Missions admittedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF admits missions with reasons recorded. It cannot admit a mission without an accountable owner.
- 05G2 · Data and resources qualifiedGate · The Global Risks ForumReadiness preparation closes when data, people and resources are qualified.
- 06G3 · Build accepted for exerciseGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF records whether the build is accepted for exercise. A gate not passed stops the work it governs.
03 Q3 · Action Week
- 07G4 · Controlled live operation authorisedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF authorises controlled live operation for Action Week.
- 08G5 · Evidence sealed and stand-down recordedGate · The Global Risks ForumThe evidence is sealed with its provenance and the stand-down is recorded.
04 Q4 · Ukubika nokuvuselela
- 02Competent authority decides and actsActor · The competent authorityThe competent authority decides and acts under its own rules. The programme informs it and never decides for it.
- 09Scientific and editorial reviewStep · Reviewers and the publisherQualified, conflict-managed reviewers and the publisher decide what is accepted. Institutions cannot decide a scientific conclusion.
- 10G6 · Publication authorisedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF authorises publication of results that have passed scientific and editorial review. It cannot publish personal data.
- 11G7 · Renewal reviewedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF reviews renewal and sets the next cycle’s mandate.
Unyaka wohlelo · The Global Risks Forum · Decision rightsDesigned programme process, not a record of operation. No cycle has run and every programme is at service level R0. A gate is a programme decision, never a public-authority approval, certification or deployment authorisation.
06Isimo
Work is shown as its record stands.
Programmes are listed as exploring, forming, constituted, active, paused or archived. Country and regional entries appear when a programme record supports them.
07Imithombo
Where this page’s references lead.
The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.
- IAIS Insurance Core Principles and ComFrame, including the Insurance Capital Standard (adopted December 2024)
- IAIS Global Insurance Market Report (GIMAR)
- IAIS Application Paper on the supervision of climate-related risks in the insurance sector (April 2025)
- Oasis Loss Modelling Framework (open-source catastrophe modelling)
08Imibuzo nezimpendulo
Questions and answers.
How do I propose work at this level?
Write to the contact form or a regional desk. A proposal receives a reference.
Ireinshuwalense Nenhlekelele
Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.
Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
Ezomthetho
Legal documents.
Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.