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GRA · Reinsurance and Catastrophe

Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition

Global industry questions

Catastrophe risk is shared globally through reinsurance and capital markets, so its measurement and capacity are global questions. This page lists those Reinsurance and Catastrophe follows in 2026 with their references.

02পরিধি

Global subject programme in Reinsurance and Catastrophe.

  1. 01

    Reinsurance structures

    Treaty and facultative risk-sharing concepts.

  2. 02

    Catastrophe models

    Event sets, vulnerability and limits.

  3. 03

    Aggregate accumulation

    Concentrations across regions and perils.

  4. 04

    সুরক্ষার ঘাটতি

    Coverage, affordability and systemic consequences.

  5. 05

    Climate and natural catastrophe

    Changing physical hazards and nonstationarity.

  6. 06

    Retrocession and capital

    Layered risk-transfer market dependencies.

03Geography

Hazards and exposure in the Gulf of Mexico coast.

Population density, flood water and active fires over the Gulf of Mexico coast, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

ইন্টারঅ্যাক্টিভ মানচিত্রের জন্য JavaScript প্রয়োজন; স্তরের তালিকা ও উৎস নিচে দেওয়া আছে।

স্তরসমূহ 3

Hazards and exposure, for this page

About this layer
প্রমাণ
Estimated
উৎস
Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
Provider
NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Vintage
null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
Resolution
about 1 km grid
Uncertainty
Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
Reached through
this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
প্রমাণ
Observed (clouds leave gaps)
উৎস
VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)
Provider
NASA LANCE
Licence
NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
Vintage
daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps
Newest at build
2026-10-14
Resolution
about 250 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through
this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
প্রমাণ
Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)
উৎস
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)
Provider
NASA LANCE FIRMS
Licence
NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
Vintage
daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps
Newest at build
2026-10-13
Resolution
about 500 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.
Reached through
this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
প্রমাণ
Observed
উৎস
VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
Provider
NASA LAADS DAAC
Licence
NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
Vintage
daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere
Newest at build
2026-10-12
Resolution
about 500 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.
Reached through
this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
প্রমাণ
Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)
উৎস
VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)
Provider
NASA LANCE
Licence
NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
Vintage
8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps
Newest at build
2026-09-14
Resolution
about 1 km grid
Uncertainty
Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.
Reached through
this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov
About this layer
প্রমাণ
Estimated
উৎস
GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)
Provider
NASA GES DISC
Licence
NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
Vintage
daily; Satellite estimate, near real time
Newest at build
2026-10-12
Resolution
about 2 km grid
Uncertainty
Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through
this site's data relay, from gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov

সর্বশেষ প্রাপ্ত

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap অবদানকারীরা (ODbL) · Natural Earth

সর্বশেষ NASA চিত্র লোড হচ্ছে।

সরাতে টানুন। জুম করতে Ctrl বা ⌘ ধরে স্ক্রল করুন, পিঞ্চ করুন বা বোতাম ব্যবহার করুন; কার্সরের নিচের মান দেখতে ওপরে রাখুন; রিসেট অঞ্চলে ফিরিয়ে আনে।

Hazards and exposure, framed on the Gulf of Mexico coast.স্যাটেলাইট ও মডেল পণ্য, NASA যেভাবে প্রকাশ করে, প্রতিটি নিজস্ব তারিখসহ। এগুলো নির্দেশক, কোনো স্থানের মূল্যায়ন নয়।

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · U.S. Geological Survey · CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASEউৎস ও লাইসেন্স

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
  • NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
  • VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
  • GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
  • Natural Earth দিয়ে তৈরি। বিনামূল্যের ভেক্টর ও রাস্টার মানচিত্র তথ্য @ naturalearthdata.com। পাবলিক ডোমেইন
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA উন্মুক্ত তথ্য
  • গ্লোব ও সমতল মানচিত্রে প্রেক্ষাপট: উপকূলরেখা, সীমানা, সড়ক ও স্থাননাম NASA GIBS রেফারেন্স স্তর থেকে (OpenStreetMap তথ্য, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); ঐচ্ছিক ভিত্তি হিসেবে Blue Marble চিত্র; 3D ভূভাগ ও উচ্চতা পাঠ ASTER GDEM উচ্চতা রঙ সূচক থেকে (5 m থেকে 200 m শ্রেণি, স্পষ্টতার জন্য অতিরঞ্জিত)। সীমানা যেভাবে প্রকাশিত সেভাবেই আঁকা এবং কোনো ভূখণ্ড সম্পর্কে অবস্থান বোঝায় না।
  • সরাসরি ঘটনা: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); ঘটনাগুলো নির্দেশক এবং মূল উৎসের লিংক বজায় রাখে।
  • সরাসরি: NASA EONET ঘটনাগুলো নির্দেশক, কর্তৃপক্ষের সতর্কতা নয়।
  • সরাসরি: U.S. Geological Survey ঘটনাগুলো নির্দেশক, কর্তৃপক্ষের সতর্কতা নয়।
  • Context: CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, and NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010; Seto, Guneralp and Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030; Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013.
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • নদীপ্রবাহ পূর্বাভাস, পরিসরসহ 30 দিন (Open-Meteo-র মাধ্যমে GloFAS): 2026 সালের পরিবর্তিত Copernicus Emergency Management Service তথ্য ধারণ করে; এটি বন্যা সতর্কতা নয়।
  • আবহাওয়ার ডেটা: Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), লাইসেন্স CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Optional layers (12 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

স্তর ও তারিখ

  • জনসংখ্যার ঘনত্ব, 2020: জনসংখ্যা: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · স্থির
  • বন্যার পানি, 3 দিনের সমন্বিত চিত্র: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 অক্টোবর 2026
  • সক্রিয় আগুন ও তাপীয় অসংগতি: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 মি (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 অক্টোবর 2026
  • রাতের আলো, দৈনিক: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 অক্টোবর 2026
  • ভূপৃষ্ঠের তাপমাত্রা, দিন, 8 দিনের সমন্বিত চিত্র: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 সেপ্টেম্বর 2026
  • বৃষ্টিপাতের হার, দৈনিক গড়: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 অক্টোবর 2026

04প্রশ্ন

Global questions and references.

প্রশ্নReferenceঅবস্থা
How is catastrophe risk captured in group capital?IAIS Insurance Capital StandardAdopted December 2024
How do supervisors monitor sector-wide catastrophe exposure?IAIS GIMAR and Holistic FrameworkAnnual
How should climate scenarios inform catastrophe risk?IAIS climate application paper; NGFS scenarios2025; Phase VI announced
How transparent can catastrophe models be?Open loss modelling frameworksCommunity-maintained
05প্রক্রিয়া

How the process runs.

Process explorer · Process

Global industry questions: Programme through eight gates

11 steps4 stages8 gates

প্রক্রিয়া

Global industry questions: Programme through eight gates

The Global Risks Forum (GRF) records eight yearly gates, each a programme decision; a gate not passed stops its work, and the competent authority decides outside.

  1. 01 Q1 · পরিকল্পনা

    1. 01G0 · Annual programme authorisedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF authorises the annual mandate. It never sets a national agenda.
    2. 03Route the candidate mission to standardsStep · Nexus StandardsNexus Standards প্রতিটি প্রার্থী মিশনকে প্রযোজ্য মান ও প্রোফাইলে পাঠায়।
  2. 02 Q2 · প্রস্তুতি ও নির্মাণ

    1. 04G1 · Missions admittedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF admits missions with reasons recorded. It cannot admit a mission without an accountable owner.
    2. 05G2 · Data and resources qualifiedGate · The Global Risks ForumReadiness preparation closes when data, people and resources are qualified.
    3. 06G3 · Build accepted for exerciseGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF records whether the build is accepted for exercise. A gate not passed stops the work it governs.
  3. 03 Q3 · Action Week

    1. 07G4 · Controlled live operation authorisedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF authorises controlled live operation for Action Week.
    2. 08G5 · Evidence sealed and stand-down recordedGate · The Global Risks ForumThe evidence is sealed with its provenance and the stand-down is recorded.
  4. 04 Q4 · প্রতিবেদন ও নবায়ন

    1. 02Competent authority decides and actsActor · The competent authorityThe competent authority decides and acts under its own rules. The programme informs it and never decides for it.
    2. 09Scientific and editorial reviewStep · Reviewers and the publisherQualified, conflict-managed reviewers and the publisher decide what is accepted. Institutions cannot decide a scientific conclusion.
    3. 10G6 · Publication authorisedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF authorises publication of results that have passed scientific and editorial review. It cannot publish personal data.
    4. 11G7 · Renewal reviewedGate · The Global Risks ForumGRF reviews renewal and sets the next cycle’s mandate.

কর্মসূচি বর্ষ · The Global Risks Forum · Decision rightsDesigned programme process, not a record of operation. No cycle has run and every programme is at service level R0. A gate is a programme decision, never a public-authority approval, certification or deployment authorisation.

06অবস্থা

Work is shown as its record stands.

Programmes are listed as exploring, forming, constituted, active, paused or archived. Country and regional entries appear when a programme record supports them.

08প্রশ্ন ও উত্তর

Questions and answers.

How do I propose work at this level?
Write to the contact form or a regional desk. A proposal receives a reference.
পুনর্বিমা ও বিপর্যয়

Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.

Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.