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GRA · Reinsurance and Catastrophe

Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition

Hydrology and water science for reinsurance and catastrophe

Hydrology explains how rainfall becomes river and surface water flooding. In catastrophe reinsurance it supplies the flood hazard maps, event footprints and defence assumptions behind flood models and post-event claims analysis.

01تۆمارکردن

Hydrology and water science for reinsurance and catastrophe on the record.

Method recordSTEM method
  1. ڕێگاهایدرۆلۆژی و زانستی ئاو
  2. پارێزەرWater Nexus
  3. Applied inبیمەی ئەتکایی و کارەسات
  4. داتا4 inputs
  5. Canonical pageSTEM Commons
02بەکارهێنان

What hydrology and water science does here.

Hydrology studies the movement, distribution and quality of water across the land surface, subsurface and atmosphere. It underpins the assessment of floods, droughts and water supply, which affect food, energy, health and infrastructure together. In insurance and catastrophe, climate and hazards and disaster and crisis, hydrological estimates set design standards for dams, levees and drainage and inform water allocation between competing users. They link climate hazards to downstream effects on power generation, crops and public health. The canonical description is on the STEM Commons.

River flood event sets

Spatially coherent rainfall and flow events are simulated across basins so that a single event can affect many locations at once.

Flood defence assumptions

Defence standards and failure probabilities are represented explicitly, since small changes in them change modelled flood loss sharply.

Pluvial flood mapping

Surface water flooding from intense rain is mapped at fine resolution where drainage data allow.

03Spatial finance

A drought index against its attachment point.

How a dry season is read against the point where drought cover starts to pay. Synthetic season and design terms.

A rainfall season across the Sahel, read against the points where drought cover would start and stop paying.Synthetic season and design terms; no cover is implied.
04داتا

What the method consumes.

Datasets and records used by hydrology and water science on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in the source register.

داتاڕۆڵناونیشان
River gauge recordsFlow statisticsچاودێریکراو
Flood extent observationsCalibrationچاودێریکراو
Digital elevation modelsTerrainچاودێریکراو
Defence databasesپاراستنREPORTED
05Loss model

Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss.

The loss a portfolio in the footprint can expect per year and at the 1 in 100 and 1 in 250 levels that insurers and lenders price, from the same three blocks every catastrophe model uses. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Gulf of Mexico coast; the model itself is not tied to a place.

کۆنترۆڵەکان

Typical annual flood depth (location)
0.40 m water depth
بڵاوبوونەوەی لێکەوتە توندەکان (پێوەر)
0.45 m water depth
توندییەک کە تێیدا نیوەی بەها لەدەست دەچێت
1.60 m water depth
بڵاوبوونەوەی لاوازی
0.55
بەشی بەها لە شوێنپێی مەترسیدەردا
40%
ستانداردی پاراستن (ماوەی گەڕانەوە)
50 ساڵ

خوێندنەوەکان

تێکڕای زیانی ساڵانە
0.64% of value
زیان لە 1 لە 100 ساڵدا
31.4% of value
زیان لە 1 لە 250 ساڵدا
34.3% of value
توندی لە 1 لە 100 ساڵدا
2.47 m water depth
ژمارە، ڕێگا و سەرچاوەکان
ماوەی گەڕانەوە (ساڵ)Intensity (m water depth)زیان (% ی بەها)
1−0.110.00
20.550.00
40.910.00
71.230.00
131.530.00
241.810.00
442.100.00
822.3830.62
1542.6632.93
2872.9534.66
5363.2335.96
1,0003.5136.93

ڕێگاکان

  1. مەترسیدەری بەهای زۆرداری Gumbel Gumbel (1958)، Statistics of Extremes، Columbia University Press
  2. ناسکیی لۆگنۆرماڵ (لاوازی) FEMA (2003)، HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
  3. چەمکی ئەگەری تێپەڕبوون و تێکڕای زیانی ساڵانە Grossi و Kunreuther (2005)، Catastrophe Modeling، Springer
  4. کاریگەری بەربەست Di Baldassarre و ئەوانی دیکە (2013)، Socio-hydrology، HESS 17
  5. پەنجەی نادڵنیایی (مۆنتی کارلۆی پارامیتەر) Spiegelhalter, Pearson و Short (2011)، Visualising uncertainty about the future، Science 333
  6. هەستیاریی یەک-یەک (تۆرناد) Saltelli و ئەوانی دیکە (2008)، Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer، Wiley

داتا

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • ڕووبارەکان Natural Earth
  • بەرینی شارەکان Natural Earth
  • شارەکان Natural Earth
  • بوومەلەرزەکانی M4.5+، هەفتەی ڕابردوو (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey · register usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
  • ڕێژەی باران، نیو کاتژمێری ڕابردوو (IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • پێشبینی ڕۆیشتنی ڕووبار، 30 ڕۆژ لەگەڵ مەودا (GloFAS لە ڕێگەی Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS · register open-meteo.public-pages
  • بەرینی دروستکراو و نیشتەجێبوون، 2010 (HBASE، Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · register sedac.context-urban-layers
Loss exceedance, average annual loss and probable maximum loss. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Gumbel extreme-value hazard (Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press); Lognormal fragility (vulnerability) (FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual); Exceedance-probability curve and average annual loss (Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer).

لە ناو شەش کۆڵەکەکەدا، بە سەرپەرشتیی Nexus Consortium

06پشتڕاستکردنەوە

How results are checked.

Models are calibrated on one period of observed flows and tested on an independent period or neighbouring catchment. Skill scores and comparison with surveyed flood extents are used to judge performance.

بپشکنەHow it is done
Event footprint realismSimulated events are compared with observed multi-basin floods
Defence sensitivityResults are shown with and without defence assumptions
Resolution adequacyMap resolution is matched to the exposure data used

Assumptions of stationarity weaken as climate and land use change. Ungauged basins, karst aquifers and rapid urbanisation are poorly represented by parameters fitted elsewhere.

07شبیهسازی دووانە و زنجیرەیی

Trace a shock to the balance sheet.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile بیمە و دووبارەبیمە: the shocks it names, the سیستەمەکان and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

مەترسیدەرەکان

  • Tropical cyclone
  • بوومەلەرزە
  • Ice-jam flood
  • ئاگری دارستان
  • Storm surge (set off downstream)
  • Intense rainfall (set off downstream)
  • River flood (set off downstream)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • Dangerous surf (set off downstream)
  • پچڕانی کارەبای فراوان (لە خوارەوە دەستپێدەکات)
  • ئاوارەبوونی بەکۆمەڵ (لە خوارەوە دەستپێدەکات)
  • Coastal flood (set off downstream)
  • Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
  • Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
  • Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
  • Slope slide (set off downstream)
  • Rockfall (set off downstream)
  • Tsunami (set off downstream)

کۆنترۆڵەکان

  • NS-0 دەستوور و بنەماکان
  • NS-3 UNIەکانی تۆماری مەترسی (ڕێزمان، خشتەی گواستنەوەی کۆن، دەسەڵاتی تەرخانکردن)
  • NS-9 UNIی ناوەڕۆکی (دامەزراندنەکان، نموونەکان، نموونەکانی پڕۆگرام)
  • NS-10 Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)
  • NS-11 سەلماندن و چاودێری (بەڵگە، گواهییەکان، چاودێریی گونجان لەگەڵ zero-trust)
  • NS-14 پابەندبوون و هاوتاکردن لەگەڵ ستانداردی دەرەکی
  • NRS-F3 بیمە، مەترسیی کارەسات و کەلێنەکانی پاراستن
  • NRS-H113 خێزانی مەترسیدەر: ناسکیی سیستەمی دارایی (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)
  • NRS-U17 Universe platform profile: Insurance Nexus
  • NRS-H71 خێزانی مەترسیدەر: کارەساتە کەونی و کاتی قووڵەکان (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)
  • NRS-H65 خێزانی مەترسیدەر: پێشێلکردنی سنوورەکانی گۆی زەوی (NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-F8 گواستنەوەی مەترسیی پارامێتری و لەسەر بنەمای نیشاندەر

چاودێری

  • OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)
  • Insurance statistics (listed for reference)
  • USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product
  • (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults

جوگرافیای نموونە

  • Western Europe: 152 hexagonal cells
  • ڕێژەی بارین، نیو کاتژمێری ڕابردوو (IMERG)، NASA GIBS
  • ڕووناکییەکانی شەو ئەمشەو، پچڕانی کارەبا (VIIRS Day/Night Band)، NASA GIBS
  • ئاوی ڕووی زەوی لە ڕێگەی هەورەوە، 30 م (ڕادارەی OPERA DSWx-S1)، NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
09واژۆی کەرت

Where exposure in hydrology and water science for reinsurance and catastrophe travels.

The sectors that carry exposure in hydrology and water science for reinsurance and catastrophe and how a loss in one passes to the others, across portfolios and public finances.

گۆشەکان هەڵبژێرە · بەسەر هێڵەکاندا ڕابوەستە6 / 15 پەیوەندی

واژۆ

ئاو و هاوبەشەکانی

ئاو ئاودێری دەداتە خۆراک (0.8)، ئاوی ساردکەرەوە و هێزی کارەبای ئاوی دەداتە وزە (0.6) و ڕەوتی ژینگەیی دەداتە فرەجۆریی زیندەوەری (0.6).

W · E · I · F · H · B

کەرتەکان
4 لە 6
پەیوەندییەکان
6 لە 15
هاوبەستی
0.43 بەشی کۆی گشتی

بەهێزترین پەیوەندییەکانی لە کاردا

  • خۆراک → فرەجۆریی زیندەوەری · گۆڕینی زەوی0.6
  • ئاو → وزە · ئاوی ساردکەرەوە و هێزی کارەبای ئاوی0.6
  • ئاو → خۆراک · ئاودێری0.8
  • ئاو → فرەجۆریی زیندەوەری · ڕەوتی ژینگەیی0.6
بەهای فێرکاری بۆ ناوچە-شارێکی ئاسایی، نەک پێوانە بۆ هیچ شوێنێک. هاوبەستی کۆی بەهێزی ئەو پەیوەندییانەیە کە لە کاردان، وەک بەشێک لە هەر پانزەکە.
10Stewardship

Who maintains the method.

Water Nexus stewards hydrology and water science for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.

11Exposure, loss and capital

What it means for exposure, loss and capital.

The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.

Exposure and loss at return periods

How losses from hydrology and water science for reinsurance and catastrophe grow with severity, gross and net of reinsurance, against capital.

1 in 101 in 501 in 1001 in 250grossnet of reinsurance800
Return periodAnnual probabilityGross lossNet lossNet, capital = 100
1 in 100.10141010
1 in 500.02332121
1 in 1000.01462727
1 in 2500.004683939
تێکڕای زیانی ساڵانە3.12.22.2
Illustrative loss index for a example portfolio (capital = 100): the exceedance-probability form insurers and supervisors read. Not data on any institution, not a price or a rating.
NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
12پەیوەست

ئەو شوێنانەی ئەم لاپەڕەیە لە ناو کۆنسۆرتیۆم بۆیان دەبات.

13پرسیارەکان

پرسیار و وەڵام.

What are the limits of hydrology and water science in this field?
Assumptions of stationarity weaken as climate and land use change. Ungauged basins, karst aquifers and rapid urbanisation are poorly represented by parameters fitted elsewhere.
How are results checked?
Models are calibrated on one period of observed flows and tested on an independent period or neighbouring catchment. Skill scores and comparison with surveyed flood extents are used to judge performance.
Are the values on this page real?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
Where else is this method applied?
ئەو canonical method page lists every platform that applies it.
Reportsبەشداربە

لەم لاپەڕەیەوە بەڵگە پێشکەش بکە.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Global Risks Allianceبیمەی ئەتکایی و کارەساتئامادەیی دارایی و بیمەڕێگا و تەکنیکی
بیمەی ئەتکایی و کارەسات

Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.

زانیاری و پرسیار ئەمڕۆ کراوەن. پرسیارێک ژمارەی ئاماژەی پێدەدرێت و هەنگاوی دواتر دیاری دەکات؛ داواکاری، پارەدان، تەرخانکردنی کۆمپیوتەر و تۆمارکردن تەنیا کاتێک دەکرێنەوە کە تیم، مەرج و توانای پێداچوونەوەیان هەبێت.