GRA · Insurance Nexus
Keuangan spasialTempat modal bertemu bahaya, keterpaparan, dan transisi
Ikhtisar disiplin keuangan
Insurance is the financial discipline of pricing, pooling and transferring risk. This page, part of Insurance Nexus at the Global Risks Alliance (GRA), sets out how the sector works as a system: who carries risk, how capital supports it, how regulation shapes it and where systemic questions arise. It treats insurance operations as a subject of research, not execution; GRA performs no insurance activity of its own.
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Pooling, capital and transfer.
An insurer collects premiums from many policyholders, invests them and pays claims as losses occur. Its solvency depends on pricing risk adequately, holding enough capital for bad years, and matching investments to the timing of its liabilities. Reinsurers take on part of insurers’ risk, particularly from catastrophes, and capital markets increasingly share it through instruments such as catastrophe bonds. Brokers and agents connect buyers with carriers; actuaries estimate liabilities and price products.
Regulators supervise insurers to protect policyholders, generally through risk-based capital requirements, governance standards and conduct rules. International standards are developed through the International Association of Insurance Supervisors. Accounting standards shape how liabilities and profits are reported.
Eksposur, bahaya, dan kurva pelampauan.
Tempat mana yang mendorong kerugian pada tahun yang parah, dan seberapa jauh kerugian itu menjangkau reasuransi. Nilai rancangan ilustratif.
Who supervises insurance, and how the regimes differ.
| Regime | Basis modal | Ekspektasi iklim |
|---|---|---|
| Solvency II (EU), with 2025 review applying from January 2027 | One-year 1-in-200 value at risk on economic balance sheet | Skenario iklim dalam ORSA jika material |
| Insurance Capital Standard (IAIGs) | Group prescribed capital requirement adopted in 2024 | Through ICPs and the 2025 climate application paper |
| US risk-based capital (NAIC) | Factor-based RBC with a catastrophe risk charge | NAIC climate risk disclosure survey aligned with TCFD |
| Takaful regimes | IFSB standards adapted locally | Varies by jurisdiction |
Ikhtisar bidang.
Layar yang akan digunakan sebuah tim untuk mengikuti subjek ini: ukuran, status, dan keputusannya. Nama adalah contoh dan nilai bersifat ilustratif.
Where shared understanding is needed.
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Kerugian yang berkorelasi
Events that strike many policyholders at once, such as catastrophes, pandemics and cyber incidents. See property and casualty.
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Insurability
Whether rising or uncertain risks can still be priced and covered. See climate and nature risk.
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Kesenjangan perlindungan
Losses that fall outside insurance, onto households, firms and governments. See insurance protection gaps.
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Model dan data
How models and AI shape pricing, and their limits. See underwriting and pricing risk and insurtech and AI.
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Struktur pasar
How roles, concentration and capital flows affect resilience. See insurance market structure.
What GRA does and does not do here.
GRA studies the sector at aggregate level. It does not assess individual firms, recommend products or counterparties, or advise on any transaction. How risk moves into and out of the sector is set out on financial-system transmission. Hazard science comes from Iklim dan Bahaya di GCRI, and wider stability questions are examined by Financial Stability.
GRA does not underwrite, sell, solicit, negotiate, place or broker insurance, and it does not rate, advise on or arrange transactions. Readiness work is not approval.
Where this page’s references lead.
Badan dan dokumen yang menjadi acuan halaman ini. Status dan edisi berubah; setiap tautan menuju badan penerbitnya.
- Solvency II Directive 2009/138/EC sebagaimana diubah oleh tinjauan 2025 (berlaku mulai 30 Januari 2027)
- IAIS Insurance Core Principles dan ComFrame, termasuk Insurance Capital Standard (diadopsi Desember 2024)
- IAIS Application Paper on the supervision of climate-related risks in the insurance sector (April 2025)
Pages in Financial discipline overview.
Tanya jawab.
Does GRA advise insurers?
Why does insurance matter for financial stability?
Which methods support this work?
Kontribusikan bukti dari halaman ini.
Laporan is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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