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GRA · Insurance Nexus

مالی فضاییجایی که سرمایه به مخاطره، مواجهه و گذار برمی‌خورد

مرور انضباط مالی

Insurance is the financial discipline of pricing, pooling and transferring risk. This page, part of Insurance Nexus at the Global Risks Alliance (GRA), sets out how the sector works as a system: who carries risk, how capital supports it, how regulation shapes it and where systemic questions arise. It treats insurance operations as a subject of research, not execution; GRA performs no insurance activity of its own.

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01How the sector works

Pooling, capital and transfer.

An insurer collects premiums from many policyholders, invests them and pays claims as losses occur. Its solvency depends on pricing risk adequately, holding enough capital for bad years, and matching investments to the timing of its liabilities. Reinsurers take on part of insurers’ risk, particularly from catastrophes, and capital markets increasingly share it through instruments such as catastrophe bonds. Brokers and agents connect buyers with carriers; actuaries estimate liabilities and price products.

Regulators supervise insurers to protect policyholders, generally through risk-based capital requirements, governance standards and conduct rules. International standards are developed through the International Association of Insurance Supervisors. Accounting standards shape how liabilities and profits are reported.

02مالی فضایی

مواجهه، مخاطره و منحنی فراگذشت.

کدام مکان‌ها در یک سال شدید زیان را پیش می‌برند و تا چه اندازه به بیمهٔ اتکایی می‌رسد. مقادیر طراحی توضیحی.

مواجههٔ ساحلی در پهنه‌های توفان حاره‌ای و زمین‌لرزه، در کنار منحنی زیانی که پدید می‌آورد.مقادیر طراحی توضیحی، نه خروجی الگو یا قیمت.
03نظارت

Who supervises insurance, and how the regimes differ.

RegimeCapital basisClimate expectations
Solvency II (EU), with 2025 review applying from January 2027One-year 1-in-200 value at risk on economic balance sheetClimate scenarios in the ORSA where material
Insurance Capital Standard (IAIGs)Group prescribed capital requirement adopted in 2024Through ICPs and the 2025 climate application paper
US risk-based capital (NAIC)Factor-based RBC with a catastrophe risk chargeNAIC climate risk disclosure survey aligned with TCFD
Takaful regimesIFSB standards adapted locallyVaries by jurisdiction
04پایش

Field overview.

The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.

Field overview: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Insurance.نام‌ها نمونه و مقادیر تبیینی‌اند؛ طرحی است، نه سابقه یا سامانهٔ زنده.
05Systemic questions

Where shared understanding is needed.

  1. 01

    Correlated losses

    Events that strike many policyholders at once, such as catastrophes, pandemics and cyber incidents. See property and casualty.

  2. 02

    Insurability

    Whether rising or uncertain risks can still be priced and covered. See climate and nature risk.

  3. 03

    شکاف‌های حمایتی

    Losses that fall outside insurance, onto households, firms and governments. See insurance protection gaps.

  4. 04

    Models and data

    How models and AI shape pricing, and their limits. See underwriting and pricing risk and insurtech and AI.

  5. 05

    ساختار بازار

    How roles, concentration and capital flows affect resilience. See insurance market structure.

06Research, not execution

What GRA does and does not do here.

GRA studies the sector at aggregate level. It does not assess individual firms, recommend products or counterparties, or advise on any transaction. How risk moves into and out of the sector is set out on financial-system transmission. Hazard science comes from اقلیم و مخاطرات در Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), and wider stability questions are examined by Financial Stability.

GRA does not underwrite, sell, solicit, negotiate, place or broker insurance, and it does not rate, advise on or arrange transactions. Readiness work is not approval.

07منابع

Where this page’s references lead.

نهادها و اسنادی که این صفحه بر پایهٔ آن‌ها خوانده می‌شود. وضعیت و ویراست‌ها تغییر می‌کنند؛ هر پیوند به نهاد صادرکننده می‌رود.

08صفحه‌ها

Pages in Financial discipline overview.

09پرسش‌ها

پرسش و پاسخ.

Does GRA advise insurers?
GRA does not underwrite, sell, solicit, negotiate, place or broker insurance, and it does not rate, advise on or arrange transactions. Readiness work is not approval. Its outputs serve the industry and the public at sector level.
Why does insurance matter for financial stability?
Insurers are large investors and absorb losses from the real economy. Large or correlated losses can transmit stress to capital markets, lenders and public budgets.
Which methods support this work?
Methods described on the STEM foundation page, including actuarial mathematics and extreme value theory and tail risk.
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گزارش‌ها is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

⁨Global Risks Alliance⁩Insurance Nexusآمادگی مالی و بیمهریسک و تاب‌آوری بخشی جهانی
Insurance Nexus

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