GRA · Institutional Funds Nexus

Spatial financeWhere capital meets hazard, exposure and transition

Institutional Funds Nexus

Pension funds, endowments, sovereign-adjacent institutional investors and long-horizon resilience. Institutional Funds Nexus is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance.

STEM methods
4
Canonical methods this field applies
Topics
8
Subject pages in the field
Counterparts
5
Platforms in shared fields across the network
Report series
2
Reports series it contributes to
02The problem

Long promises, uncertain worlds.

A pension fund promises income to members who may still be drawing it half a century from now. An endowment is expected to support its institution in perpetuity. To meet such obligations, institutional funds hold diversified portfolios of listed and private assets and rely on assumptions about investment returns, inflation, interest rates, longevity and contributions that must hold over very long horizons.

Those assumptions are exposed to risks that unfold slowly and then suddenly. Climate change affects the value of real assets and the companies funds own; demographic change alters the balance between contributors and beneficiaries; technology reshapes industries and labour markets; and pandemics change mortality in ways that are hard to model. Because many large funds own similar assets and use similar models, a shock that strains one tends to strain many at once.

Stress also transmits through liquidity. Funds that hedge liabilities with derivatives may face collateral calls when interest rates move sharply, and sales by many funds at once can deepen the very market move that caused them. Private assets, valued infrequently, can make portfolios look steadier than they are. The consequences reach beyond finance, to members’ retirement incomes, sponsors’ budgets and public finances.

03Monitor

Asset-liability console.

The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.

Asset-liability console

Pension fund P · Valuation date Q3

  • Funding ratio, % of liabilities
    1074Normal
  • Surplus at risk, 1-in-20
    12pct of liabilitiesWatch
  • Interest rate hedge
    68pct of liabilities
  • Collateral cover
    2.0×Normal
Funding ratio above triggerGRA · Institutional Funds Nexus

Funding ratio projection

Collateral waterfall

1Cash and gilts3580
2Index-linked3111
3Credit11135
4Illiquid320over 30
Asset-liability console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Pension fund P.Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.
05Scenario model

Transition and physical risk on a portfolio.

Three scenario families after the NGFS framework move a sector portfolio through carbon costs and warming damages; the transmission view follows the losses to lenders, investors, public finances and households. Scenario: named assumptions about the future, not a forecast.

Controls

Carbon price at the horizon, orderly path
200 per tCO2
Delay before a disorderly transition
50% of horizon
Cost passed to customers
50%
Warming today above pre-industrial
1.30°C
Warming per decade, current policies
0.25°C
Damage coefficient
0.24% per °C²
Years ahead
25 years

Readouts

Worst scenario at the horizon
−33.6% of value
Numbers, methods and sources
YearOrderly transition (% value)Delayed, disorderly transition (% value)Current policies (% value)
0−0.38−0.38−0.38
3−2.87−0.53−0.67
6−5.36−0.68−0.97
9−7.84−0.84−1.27
12−10.33−0.99−1.57
15−12.82−7.12−1.87
18−15.31−15.05−2.17
21−17.80−23.00−2.48
24−20.29−30.94−2.79

Methods

  1. Climate scenario families NGFS (2023), Climate Scenarios for central banks and supervisors, Phase IV
  2. Climate stress test of the financial system Battiston and others (2017), Nature Climate Change 7
  3. Damage function Nordhaus (2017), Revisiting the social cost of carbon, PNAS 114
  4. Transmission channels BCBS (2021), Climate-related risk drivers and their transmission channels
  5. Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  6. One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Data

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • Urban extents Natural Earth
  • Seaports Natural Earth
  • Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF) · register open-meteo.public-pages
  • Surface air temperature, daytime (AIRS) NASA AIRS · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
Transition and physical risk on a portfolio. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Climate scenario families (NGFS (2023), Climate Scenarios for central banks and supervisors, Phase IV); Climate stress test of the financial system (Battiston and others (2017), Nature Climate Change 7); Damage function (Nordhaus (2017), Revisiting the social cost of carbon, PNAS 114).
06Frameworks

What the work is read against.

The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.

Framework or standardBodyWhat it sets
OECD Core Principles of Private Pension RegulationOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPrinciples for the regulation of private pension plans: governance, funding, investment, supervision, disclosure and protection of members
IOPS Principles of Private Pension SupervisionInternational Organisation of Pension SupervisorsPrinciples for risk-based supervision of pension funds: objectives, independence, powers, proportionality and transparency of supervisors
IORP II DirectiveEuropean Union, with EIOPA supervisory guidanceGovernance, risk management, own-risk assessment, prudent person investment and member information for occupational pension funds
Santiago PrinciplesInternational Forum of Sovereign Wealth FundsGenerally accepted principles and practices for the legal basis, objectives, governance, investment and accountability of sovereign wealth funds
Pensions Regulator codes of practiceThe Pensions Regulator, United KingdomThe general code on scheme governance and internal controls, and the defined benefit funding code on funding and investment strategy
ERISA fiduciary standardsUS Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security AdministrationDuties of loyalty and prudence, diversification and the exclusive purpose rule for private employee benefit plans
UK Stewardship Code and comparable national codesFinancial Reporting Council and national code bodiesExpectations for how asset owners and managers use ownership rights and report on stewardship activities and outcomes
IFRS S1 and IFRS S2, building on the TCFD recommendationsInternational Sustainability Standards Board, IFRS FoundationDisclosure of sustainability and climate-related risks, opportunities, scenario analysis and metrics
Principles for Responsible InvestmentUN-supported PRIVoluntary principles and an annual reporting framework for incorporating environmental, social and governance factors
ISO 31000 Risk management guidelinesInternational Organization for StandardizationPrinciples, framework and process for identifying, analysing, evaluating and treating risk in any organisation
07Twin and cascade simulator

Trace a shock in Institutional Funds Nexus to the balance sheet.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Asset owners and asset management: the shocks it names, the systems and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating shock and step through the cascade to see which exposures it reaches and where losses could concentrate. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise, not a forecast, a valuation, a rating or investment advice. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

Hazards

  • Windstorm
  • Geomagnetic storm
  • Dam failure
  • Widespread power outage (set off downstream)
  • Large forest disturbance (set off downstream)
  • Wildfire (set off downstream)
  • Geomagnetically induced current (set off downstream)
  • Ionospheric disturbance (set off downstream)
  • Satellite space-environment anomaly (set off downstream)
  • River flood (set off downstream)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • Mass displacement (set off downstream)
  • Shoreline ice shove (set off downstream)
  • Thermospheric drag surge (set off downstream)
  • Radiation-belt electron enhancement (set off downstream)
  • Seiche (set off downstream)
  • Satellite-navigation disruption (set off downstream)
  • Uncontrolled re-entry (set off downstream)

Controls

  • NS-0 Constitution and principles
  • NS-3 Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)
  • NS-9 Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)
  • NS-11 Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)
  • NS-14 Conformance and crosswalk to external standards
  • NRS-U1 Universe platform profile: Asset Management Nexus
  • NRS-H113 Hazard family: Financial-system fragility (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)
  • NRS-N6 Infrastructure risk and resilience
  • NRS-C3 Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity data
  • NRS-M3 Method fabric: Exposure and asset intelligence
  • NRS-N5 Biodiversity and nature risk and resilience

Observation

  • OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)
  • NGFS Scenario Explorer (listed for reference)
  • GLEIF Golden Copy (LEI Level 1 and Level 2 data) (listed for reference)
  • World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
  • Number of companies publishing sustainability reports
  • Market capitalisation of listed domestic companies (% of GDP)
  • Total greenhouse gas emissions per year

Example geography

  • Western Europe: 152 hexagonal cells
  • Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS
  • Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
  • Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
08Overview

What Institutional Funds Nexus does.

Pension fund risk is the risk that a fund cannot pay the promises it has made, through funding gaps, longevity, interest rates, inflation, liquidity or the weakness of its sponsor. Institutional Funds Nexus, the Global Risks Alliance’s platform for pension funds, endowments, foundations and sovereign-adjacent investors, explains these risks across generations and assesses no scheme.

Who it serves

Its community

Pension leaders; endowment managers; trustees; institutional allocation teams.

How it works

Its methods

Long-horizon stress; systemic exposures; governance.

What it produces

Its outputs

Fund resilience research; pension risk guides.

09Exposure, loss and capital

What Institutional Funds Nexus means for exposure, loss and capital.

The exposure, loss, scenario and capital views a risk officer, supervisor or ministry of finance would ask for, with the frameworks they report against. Structures follow supervisory and actuarial practice. Values are illustrative: never prices, ratings or advice.

Transmission channels

How a shock in Institutional Funds Nexus reaches credit, market, underwriting, liquidity and operational risk, and feeds back.

Channel structure after the Basel Committee’s work on climate-related risk drivers and transmission channels; links shown are typical paths, not estimated exposures.

Scenario pathways

How Institutional Funds Nexus could be stressed under the scenario families central banks and supervisors use.

OrderlyDisorderlyHot house world202520302035204020452050highlow
Scenario familyTransition riskPhysical riskWhat a stress test asks
OrderlyEarly, gradual policyLowerCan the book absorb a steady repricing?
DisorderlyLate, abrupt policyLower to mediumWhat breaks under a sudden repricing and credit migration?
Hot house worldLimited policyHigh and risingWhere do physical losses concentrate in collateral and insurance?
Scenario families as defined by the NGFS; the curves are an illustrative combined pressure index, not NGFS variables or forecasts.
NGFS climate scenarios · Network for Greening the Financial SystemIFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures · ISSBTCFD recommendations · Financial Stability Board TCFDPrinciples for the effective management of climate-related financial risks · Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
10What the platform does

Shared understanding, never advice.

Institutional Funds Nexus is designed to give the industry a common, precompetitive evidence base on long-horizon systemic exposures. Each fund and its trustees make their own decisions under their own mandates.

Methods

Stress, exposure and governance

Long-horizon stress analysis, systemic exposure research and governance comparison.

Outputs

Research and guides

Fund resilience research and pension risk guides, published once reviewed.

Community

Who it is for

Pension leaders, endowment managers, trustees and institutional allocation teams.

GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval. Nothing on this platform is investment, actuarial, legal or tax advice, a recommendation to any fund, or a solicitation. Analysis is sector-level research.

11Spatial finance

Assets on the grid, and the portfolio they make.

Where a portfolio’s assets sit, and how much of its value is most exposed. Hypothetical assets, not an assessment.

Sixteen assets at real towns, and the share of portfolio value in the most exposed places.Hypothetical assets and design scores, not advice.
12Foundation and counterparts

Grounded in method, linked to science and governance.

The platform applies actuarial mathematics, financial economics and macro-finance, scenario design and stress testing and decision analysis under uncertainty from the STEM Commons hosted by The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). See the STEM foundation page.

At GCRI, Society and Human Development, Future of Work and Skills and Cities and Built Environment study the demographic, labour and urban changes that shape long-term liabilities and assets. At the Global Risks Forum (GRF), Information Integrity and Public Trust shares the society field, and Capital Nexus convenes on the governance of public-purpose capital. Within GRA, Asset Management Nexus and Actuarial and Quantitative Risk are close neighbours. Work can draw on the Foundry systems NXS-DSS (decision cases and deliberation) and The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX) and contribute to the Finance and Insurance Readiness and Scenario and Stress-Test series. See counterparts across the Consortium.

13Coverage

The areas of capital markets and investment this platform takes on.

Institutional Funds Nexus studies how pension funds, endowments, foundations and sovereign-adjacent investors carry promises across generations: funding and longevity, the match between assets and liabilities, liquidity in stress, the quality of fiduciary governance and the systemic risks that no portfolio can diversify away. It sets out the Global Risks Alliance’s shared view of the field for trustees, pension leaders, endowment managers and allocation teams. Every page names its sources and methods, and none gives investment advice.

Area

Pension system resilience

Funding levels, longevity, scheme maturity and sponsor strength in defined benefit, collective and public reserve schemes.

Area

Long-horizon risk

Climate, demographic and technology shifts that unfold over the life of pension promises and perpetual endowments.

Area

Asset liability management

Interest rate and inflation hedging, discount rates, cash flow matching and the surplus risk a fund chooses to run.

Area

Liquidity and private assets

Collateral calls, capital commitments, valuation lags and the denominator effect in portfolios with large private holdings.

Area

Fiduciary governance

Mandates, delegation, board skills, conflicts and accountability from trustees to managers and back to members.

Area

Institutional concentration

Shared benchmarks, managers, counterparties and holdings that link funds which look independent on paper.

Area

Stewardship and sustainability

Voting, engagement, escalation and disclosure by long-term owners, with the limits of what activity measures show.

Area

Intergenerational equity

How risk and return are shared between cohorts of members, taxpayers and future beneficiaries of a fund.

14Grounding

Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

Every claim on Institutional Funds Nexus rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.

Actuarial mathematicsFinancial economics and macro-financeScenario design and stress testingDecision analysis under uncertainty

See the STEM foundation of Institutional Funds Nexus

15Cycle

How work moves in this field.

A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.

  1. Question Universe National, regional or institutional priority. Question in Institutional Funds Nexus
  2. Evidence Foundry STEM foundation of the platform. Evidence in Institutional Funds Nexus
  3. Build Foundry Foundry. Build in Institutional Funds Nexus
  4. Organise Universe Nexus ecosystem. Organise in Institutional Funds Nexus
  5. Test Universe Universe (independent site). Test in Institutional Funds Nexus
  6. Publish Reports Reports. Publish in Institutional Funds Nexus
  7. Decide Competent authority Competent authorities and institutions, through NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs). Decide in Institutional Funds Nexus
  8. Renew Universe Corrections and the next annual agenda. Renew in Institutional Funds Nexus

Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.

16Six pillars

How this works across the six pillars.

Institutional Funds Nexus works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in Labs, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in Nexus Standards, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.

Select pillars · hover lines18 / 18 handoffs

Route

The whole programme

Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year’s feedback loops.

L · F · U · S · R · A

Pillars
6 of 6
Handoffs
18 of 18
Loops
17 closed

Handoffs in play

  • F01Universe → Foundry · Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision caseReadiness preparation
  • F02Foundry → Universe · Core Build Report and go or no-go evidenceControlled build
  • F03Foundry → Reports · Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profileCloseout
  • F04Universe → Reports · After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13After-action review

and 14 more

F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.
  1. LabsWhere questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.Labs
  2. FoundryWhere exposure and scenario evidence is built so supervisors, insurers and investors can read it.Institutional Funds Nexus in FoundryFoundry
  3. UniverseWhere scenarios are tested in controlled exercises, and finance-readiness dialogues read what they mean for capital and cover.Institutional Funds Nexus in Universeuniverse.nexus
  4. Nexus StandardsWhere disclosure and data rules are codified so risk evidence is comparable for finance and insurance.Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standardsnexustandards.com
  5. ReportsWhere sector analysis and the finance and insurance readiness series are published, with exposure and limits stated.Institutional Funds Nexus in ReportsReports
  6. Risk AcademyWhere finance, insurance and public-finance professionals learn to read risk evidence, on Risk Academy.Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academyrisksacademy.com
20Questions

Questions and answers.

Who publishes Institutional Funds Nexus?
The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) publishes Institutional Funds Nexus and is responsible for what it publishes. GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.
Is Institutional Funds Nexus active?
Institutional Funds Nexus is an established platform of The Global Risks Alliance. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
How can I contribute?
Start with the participation paths or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.
Where are findings published?
Reviewed outputs appear on the publications page, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.
Which values on this platform are real?
Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.
How do I report an error?
Use corrections and concerns, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.
Does the platform advise pension funds or endowments?
No. GRA does not advise on investments or transactions. The platform publishes sector-level research for the industry as a whole; each fund’s trustees and advisers decide for that fund.
Do funds share confidential data through the platform?
Not at this service level. Any future use of data from institutions is designed to be aggregated before use, under safeguards set out in GRA’s written competition policy.
ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Global Risks AllianceInstitutional Funds NexusFinance and Insurance ReadinessScenario and Stress-Test
How it works

How Institutional Funds Nexus works.

Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform’s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.

Institutional Funds Nexus

How Institutional Funds Nexus works

Platforms · Programme year · Standards · Reports

A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.

  1. 01 Scope

    1. 01Field and familiesStart · The platform leadThe home states the field, its families and who it serves.
    2. 02Topic dossiersRecord · Platform authorsTopics explain the subject with labelled evidence.
  2. 02 Evidence

    1. 03Evidence labelsRecord · GCRIEach value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.
    2. 04MethodsStep · Method ownersMethods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.
  3. 03 Work

    1. 05Scenarios on the systemsModel · Foundry pillarScenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.
    2. 06Standards that applyRecord · Nexus StandardsThe platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.
  4. 04 Publish

    1. 07EditionsRecord · ReportsFindings are published through Reports with their limits.
    2. 08Authority decidesOutcome · The competent authorityDecisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.

Institutional Funds Nexus home · Platforms · Shared methodsAn outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.

Take part

Take part in Institutional Funds Nexus.

Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Institutional Funds Nexus platform.

Route

National institutions

Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. National chapters

Route

Sectors and professions

Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Institutional Funds Nexus. Participate

Route

Learning

Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. Open learning

Route

Standards

Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. Working groups

Route

Communities and research

Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. Write to the team

The Global Risks Index

Every figure on this page is indexed: hazards, climate, conflict, the world.

The Index is the Consortium’s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its Nexus Standards identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.

  1. 01 · Sources205 registered sourcesEvery value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.Data and licences
  2. 02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 and NHS-1451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.Nexus Standards
  3. 03 · The Index54 series, 195 country profilesComputed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.The Global Risks Index
  4. 04 · This pageInstitutional Funds NexusMaps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of hazards, climate, conflict.Public API
Sources205registered, each with its licence
Indicators451NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices
Hazards905NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs
Series54global, sector, strategic, technology, thematic
Country profiles195one site per country

Series in this context hazards, climate, conflict

  1. GLBGlobal SystemsThe state of interdependent global risk: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap…NXS-GRX-AR-000002Hazards · Climate · Conflict
  2. THDisaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)Signals, observations, event streams, geospatial layers and scenario packs turned into structured risk intelligence for preparedness and planning.NXS-GRX-AR-000111Hazards · Climate · Conflict
  3. GSGlobal CitiesUrban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000068Hazards · Infrastructure · Climate
  4. GSGlobal ClimateChronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.NXS-GRX-AR-000065Climate · Hazards · Finance

All 54 series · The 20 domain indices

Country profiles the world

Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. Correct a value or reply

Hazard domains NHS-1

Geodata and API open

Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km² or as symbols: People · GHSL 2025People · WorldPop 2025Built-up areaPortsAirportsRoadsRailwaysRivers and lake centrelines

/api/v1/public/grix · https://nexustandards.com/uni/{uni}
Developers · Data · Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0

Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 · 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.

Institutional Funds Nexus

Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.

Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.

The Global Risks Alliance

Finance · trust · precision

Not for profit

Our articles, maps and twins are free to read and free to republish. Readers and partners keep it that way.

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Who funds us

GRA is a not-for-profit institution. To ask who funds a piece of work, use the funding questions form.

Independence

Editors and the expert reviewers named on each article decide what we publish. Funders and partners do not review or approve articles before publication.

Licence

Articles: CC BY 4.0. Figures, maps, twins and data: CC BY 4.0. Other uses: ask through the permissions form.