- Canada 2026
- Annex B
Data appendix
The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Canada’s risk is coupled, not cumulative
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Western heat, drought and fire year
- 6Lenses and readings
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
B.1The indicator set
| Indicator | Value | Unit | Year | State | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National GHG emissions | 685 | Mt CO₂e | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Change since 2005 | −10.3 | % | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Oil and gas emissions | 208 | Mt CO₂e | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Transport emissions | 151 | Mt CO₂e | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Agriculture emissions | 70 | Mt CO₂e | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Electricity emissions | 50 | Mt CO₂e | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Methane emissions | 105 | Mt CO₂e | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Emissions per person | 16.6 | t CO₂e | 2024 | Reported | 38 |
| Insured catastrophe losses | 9.1 | C$ billion | 2024 | Reported | 2 |
| Insured catastrophe losses | 2.4 | C$ billion | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Uninsured catastrophe losses | 1.0 | C$ billion | 2025 | Reported | 3 |
| Catastrophes declared | 17 | events | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Insured severe-weather losses | 37 | C$ billion | 2016–2025 | Reported | 4 |
| Warming since 1948 | 1.7 | °C | 1948–2016 | Reported | 5 |
| Heat-related deaths, BC | 619 | deaths | 2021 | Reported | 6 |
| Conserved land | 13.7 | % | 2023 | Reported | 7 |
| Conserved marine areas | 14.7 | % | 2023 | Reported | 7 |
| Population | 41.5 | million | 2025 | Reported | 11 |
| Health spending | 12.4 | % of GDP | 2024 | Reported | 21 |
| Critical minerals listed | 34 | minerals | 2024 | Reported | 14 |
B.2National source register
The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.
| Source | Category | Coverage | Period | Cadence | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Inventory Report1 | national technical authority | national · provincial | 1990–2024 | annual | CLI · ENE |
| Sustainability indicators738 | national technical authority | national | to 2024 | annual | BIO · CLI |
| Population estimates11 | national statistics | national | 2025 Q1 | quarterly | profile |
| Census of Population32 | national statistics | national | 2021 | five-yearly | profile |
| Field crop production20 | national statistics | provincial | 2021 | annual | FOO |
| Health expenditure trends21 | national statistics | national | 2024 | annual | HLT |
| Canada’s Changing Climate Report5 | scientific assessment | national | 1948–2016 | periodic | CLI |
| Extreme heat review6 | administrative record | provincial | 2021 | one-off | HLT |
| Catastrophe loss index2 | industry | national | to 2025 | per event | FIN |
| Societal loss estimates3 | research institute | national | 43 years | annual | FIN |
| Forest and wildfire reports1031 | national technical authority | national | 2023–2024 | annual | CLI · BIO |
| Mineral Commodity Summaries30 | international producer | global | 2024 | annual | FOO · MIN |
Domains bound by the register
- WAT
- ENE
- FOO
- HLT
- BIO
- CLI
- INF
- FIN
- TRD
- MIN
B.3Regional reading, Canada by macro-region
Map plates for every province and territory follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form.
Share of population by region, 2021 Census32
British Columbia
Prairies
Ontario and Quebec
Atlantic Canada
the North
| Region | Principal hazards | Systems most exposed | Baseline evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| British Columbia | heat, drought, wildfire, atmospheric-river floods | health, hydro, rail and port links | 2021 heat dome6; 2021 floods |
| Prairies (AB, SK, MB) | drought, hail, wildfire | food, rail, insurance | 2021 drought20; 2024 hail29; 2016 wildfire37 |
| Ontario and Quebec | ice storms, urban flooding, heat | power distribution, housing, health | 2025 ice storm2; 2024 floods4 |
| Atlantic Canada | post-tropical storms, coastal flooding, wildfire | power, housing, fisheries | post-tropical storm Fiona, 2022 |
| North | permafrost thaw, wildfire, supply disruption | housing, roads, food and fuel supply | 2023 Yellowknife evacuation10 |
The leading compound pathway runs through British Columbia: heat-dome mortality, low-water years for hydro, and atmospheric-river floods that cut the corridors to the port of Vancouver.
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Heat, water and corridors
The Prairies hold most of Canada’s grain and oilseed production and set records for hail and wildfire losses. A multi-year drought here couples water, food, energy and rail.
PRAIRIES
Drought, hail and fire
Six in ten Canadians live in Ontario and Quebec, where ice storms, urban flooding and heat test power distribution, housing and health services.
ONTARIO AND QUEBEC
Ice, flood and heat in dense cities
B.4Atlas card, British Columbia
- province
- basin
- grid region
- corridor
- Systems in view
- health, energy, water, transport
- Defining events
- 2021 heat dome, 619 deaths6; November 2021 atmospheric-river floods; recurrent low water, 2023–2025
- Couplings
- WAT → ENE hydro; CLI → HLT heat; CLI → INF corridor links
- Capability evidence
- public alerting in use since 201836; wildfire mutual aid in 202333
- Gaps
- basin-scale drought stress; corridor interdependence; surge capacity
- Agenda items
- A-01 · A-02 · A-06
| Evidence | Observed | State |
|---|---|---|
| Heat mortality review | 2021 | Reported |
| Low-water signal | 2023–2025 | Inferred |
| Corridor dependency | 2021 analogue | Expert input |
The 2021 heat dome killed 619 people in British Columbia; almost all died indoors, many of them older adults living alone. Cooling, check-in programmes and alerts are the capability questions for 2027.
HEALTH
Heat and smoke
Most of the province’s electricity comes from hydro. Low-water years since 2023 (signal SIG-CAN-001) raise imports at peak prices in a province that is normally an exporter.
ENERGY
Low water, high demand
The November 2021 atmospheric-river floods cut road and rail links between the port of Vancouver and the rest of Canada for days to weeks, the analogue for agenda item A-06.
TRANSPORT
Corridors to the coast
B.5Canada system card
The card through which Canada appears in the North America regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.
| System | Baseline state | Coupling to watch | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water | large endowment; uneven access | drought into hydro and food | PARTIAL |
| Energy | low-emitting power; oil and gas emissions | water and heat | GOOD |
| Food | major exporter | drought and corridors | GOOD |
| Health | high spending; seasonal heat and smoke load | heat, smoke, zoonoses | PARTIAL |
| Biodiversity | vast ecosystems; conservation below target | fire and land use | PARTIAL |
Context
- Archetype
- high-income, resource-exporting federation with a northern frontier
- Population
- 41.5 million (2025)11
- Trade
- about three-quarters of goods exports to the United States12
- Losses
- record insured catastrophe losses in 20242
Canada’s card sits beside those of the United States and Mexico; shared basins, grids, rail and supply chains are read as one regional system.
NORTH AMERICA REGIONAL EDITION
One regional system
Canadian evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers, so a correction travels everywhere at once.
GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES
Same findings, same IDs
In the global edition Canada is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.
GLOBAL FLAGSHIP
Peers, not ranks
B.6Licences
| Material | Licence |
|---|---|
| Text | CC BY 4.0 |
| Data | on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0 |
| Figures | Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited |
| Maps | boundary source and licence printed on each plate |
| Metadata | CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it |
| Third-party data, figures and text | The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed |
| Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence. | |
B.7Formats and provenance
| Format | Kind | State | What it is | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web edition | HTML | On this site | Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source. | NR-COUNTRY-CAN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| Print edition | At release | A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release. | NR-COUNTRY-CAN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | |
| Indicator data | CSV · JSON | On this site | 20 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release. | NR-COUNTRY-CAN-2026-BASELINE data release v1 |
| Figures | SVG · PNG | On this site | 4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder. | FIG-COUNTRY-CAN-2026-BASELINE-* |
| Slides | Not recorded | No slide deck is recorded for this edition. | ||
| Evidence brief | HTML · PDF | Not recorded | No evidence brief is recorded for this edition. | |
| Dataset with DOI | DataCite | At release | Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet. |
Provenance
- Edition pack
- The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
- Evidence cut
- NQ-CAN-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026
- Reproducibility
- sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
- Self-check
- 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
- Review
- five passes scheduled before release
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
- Corrections
- Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 1Environment and Climate Change Canada (ed.), National Inventory Report 1990–2024: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Canada’s submission to the UNFCCC, 2026 edition. ECCC, Gatineau, April 2026.back
- 38Environment and Climate Change Canada (ed.), Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Greenhouse gas emissions. ECCC, Gatineau, 2026.back
- 2CatIQ (ed.), Canadian insured losses from catastrophic events: 2025 annual summary. Catastrophe Indices and Quantification Inc., Toronto, January 2026.back
- 3Institute for Catastrophe Loss Reduction (ed.), Societal losses from catastrophic events in Canada: 2025 estimates. ICLR, Toronto, 2026.back
- 4Insurance Bureau of Canada (ed.), “Severe weather-related insured losses in Canada exceed $2.4 billion in 2025.” IBC, Toronto, January 2026.back
- 5E. Bush and D. S. Lemmen (eds.), Canada’s Changing Climate Report. Government of Canada, Ottawa, 2019.back
- 6BC Coroners Service (ed.), Extreme Heat and Human Mortality: A Review of Heat-Related Deaths in B.C. in Summer 2021. Government of British Columbia, Victoria, 2022.back
- 7Environment and Climate Change Canada (ed.), Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Canada’s conserved areas. ECCC, Gatineau, 2024.back
- 11Statistics Canada (ed.), “Canada’s population estimates, first quarter 2025.” The Daily, Ottawa, March 2025.back
- 21Canadian Institute for Health Information (ed.), National Health Expenditure Trends, 2024. CIHI, Ottawa, 2024.back
- 14Natural Resources Canada (ed.), The Canadian Critical Minerals Strategy and Critical Minerals List (2024 update). NRCan, Ottawa, 2022–2024.back
- 32Statistics Canada (ed.), Census of Population, 2021. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, 2022.back
- 20Statistics Canada (ed.), “Production of principal field crops, November 2021.” The Daily, Ottawa, December 2021.back
- 10Natural Resources Canada (ed.), Canada’s record-breaking 2023 wildfire season. Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa, 2024.back
- 31Natural Resources Canada (ed.), The State of Canada’s Forests: Annual Report 2024. Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa, 2024.back
- 30U.S. Geological Survey (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025. USGS, Reston, VA, 2025.back
- 29Insurance Bureau of Canada (ed.), “Insured losses from Calgary hailstorm reach $3.25 billion.” IBC, Toronto, February 2025.back
- 37Insurance Bureau of Canada (ed.), “Northern Alberta wildfire costliest insured natural disaster in Canadian history.” IBC, Toronto, January 2017.back
- 36Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (ed.), Telecom Regulatory Policy CRTC 2017-91: Implementation of the National Public Alerting System by wireless service providers. CRTC, Ottawa, 2017.back
- 33Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (ed.), National wildland fire situation reports, 2023–2025. CIFFC, Winnipeg, retrieved 2026-09-30.back
- 12Statistics Canada (ed.), “Canadian international merchandise trade: annual review 2024.” The Daily, Ottawa, 2025.back