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\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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1nizvh7.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"dag\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A-P02 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 protection-gaps<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reinsurance and Catastrophe<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Reinsurance and Catastrophe<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Protection gaps<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">The catastrophe protection gap is the share of economic loss from disasters that is not insured. It is largest in low- and middle-income countries and for floods and earthquakes everywhere. Uninsured losses fall on households, firms and public budgets and slow recovery. This page sets out why catastrophe protection gaps persist, how they are measured, and which public and private institutions decide how they are closed.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-canvas\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Systems<\/strong> \u00b7 around this subject<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-cat-ep\" data-cx=\"cat.ep\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Catastrophe model results: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h2 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Catastrophe model results<\/h2><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Protection gaps \u00b7 Cedent C-07 \u00b7 Peril: tropical cyclone<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><ul class=\"nx-fk-kpis\" data-n=\"4\"><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">AAL<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k0\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">39<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">local m<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k0\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,11.4L10.2,14.6L18.4,14.4L26.5,10.8L34.7,14.4L42.9,15.5L51.1,18.1L59.3,19.2L67.5,21.1L75.6,23L83.8,19.9L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,11.4L10.2,14.6L18.4,14.4L26.5,10.8L34.7,14.4L42.9,15.5L51.1,18.1L59.3,19.2L67.5,21.1L75.6,23L83.8,19.9L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">OEP 1-in-200<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k1\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">318<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">local m<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-d\" data-dir=\"up\" data-good=\"na\">5<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k1\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,13.5L10.2,17.9L18.4,16.9L26.5,14.2L34.7,18.5L42.9,23L51.1,21.6L59.3,16.5L67.5,20.6L75.6,17L83.8,13L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,13.5L10.2,17.9L18.4,16.9L26.5,14.2L34.7,18.5L42.9,23L51.1,21.6L59.3,16.5L67.5,20.6L75.6,17L83.8,13L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">TVaR 1-in-200<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k2\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">712<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">local m<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k2\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,22.5L10.2,23L18.4,21.5L26.5,19.4L34.7,13.3L42.9,13.8L51.1,8.8L59.3,7.6L67.5,9.1L75.6,3L83.8,3.7L92,17.7L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,22.5L10.2,23L18.4,21.5L26.5,19.4L34.7,13.3L42.9,13.8L51.1,8.8L59.3,7.6L67.5,9.1L75.6,3L83.8,3.7L92,17.7\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"17.7\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Rooftop geocoding<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k3\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">77<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">pct of TIV<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Normal<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k3\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,20.5L10.2,18.3L18.4,23L26.5,20.6L34.7,15.8L42.9,11.5L51.1,9L59.3,9.3L67.5,6.9L75.6,8.4L83.8,3L92,14L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,20.5L10.2,18.3L18.4,23L26.5,20.6L34.7,15.8L42.9,11.5L51.1,9L59.3,9.3L67.5,6.9L75.6,8.4L83.8,3L92,14\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"14\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>1-in-200 above retention<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GRA \u00b7 Reinsurance and Catastrophe<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Exceedance probability<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Exceedance probability\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-cat-ep-c0\" data-fk-xs=\"log,2,500,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-xf=\"rp\" data-fk-series=\"OEP|ink|l||2:3.2;5:9;10:16.3;25:24.9;50:35;100:46.4;250:59.3;500:73.6~AEP|acc|l||2:3.4;5:9.6;10:17.5;25:27;50:38.4;100:51.5;250:66.5;500:83.5\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Programme layers<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-cat-ep-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-cat-ep-t1\" aria-label=\"Programme layers\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Layer<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Attach<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Limit<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Loss cost (%)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c4\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c4\">Hit prob.<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cat-ep:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Retention<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">0<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"42\">42<\/td><td data-num=\"true\"><\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cat-ep:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Layer 1<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"75\">75<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"117\">117<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"14\">14<\/td><td>1-in-13<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cat-ep:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\" aria-current=\"true\" data-cur=\"true\"><td>Layer 2<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"183\">183<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"164\">164<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"2\">2<\/td><td>1-in-35<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cat-ep:r1-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Layer 3<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"352\">352<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"207\">207<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1.3\">1.3<\/td><td>1-in-200<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"steps\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Model pipeline<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-steps\" data-n=\"7\"><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Event catalogue<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">stochastic<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Hazard<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">intensity<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Exposure<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">TIV<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Vulnerability<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">damage curves<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Financial<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">terms<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">ELT \u00b7 YLT<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">losses<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"now\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">EP \u00b7 TVaR<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">metrics<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Catastrophe model results: the screen's structure, terms and states for Protection gaps.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig.<\/strong><span>Catastrophe model results. Design wireframe with placeholder names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>A parametric trigger, read on the map<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Protection gaps: how the risk develops<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The catastrophe protection gap is the share of economic loss from natural and man-made catastrophes that is not insured. It persists through low demand, hard-to-insure perils and affordability, and shifts losses to households, lenders and budgets. Finance ministries, supervisors, insurers and pool boards hold the decisions.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Spatial finance<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A parametric trigger, read on the map.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">How a storm crossing a trigger zone would set a payment. Real geography; synthetic storm and design terms.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-sf\" data-fk=\"parametric-cyclone\" data-gl=\"sf:parametric-cyclone\" data-sf=\"parametric-cyclone\" data-sx-credit=\"Natural Earth (public domain) | relief: Mapzen Terrain Tiles | synthetic storm and design terms\" data-sx-src=\"Natural Earth ~ public domain ~ https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/ | Mapzen Terrain Tiles relief (SRTM, GMTED2010, ETOPO1) ~ attribution as published by Mapzen ~ https:\/\/github.com\/tilezen\/joerd\/blob\/master\/docs\/attribution.md | Design scenario values by the Global Risks Alliance ~ illustrative, not data\" data-sf-learn-views=\"compare\" aria-label=\"Interactive map: a synthetic tropical cyclone passing Jamaica, with a trigger zone coloured by modelled wind. The panel steps the storm and shows whether the illustrative trigger is met.\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>A tropical cyclone passing Jamaica, read against two ways of triggering a payment.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Synthetic storm and design terms, not a policy or a price.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A-P02\/topics\/protection-gaps\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Reinsurance and Catastrophe live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Protection gaps: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Coverage, affordability and systemic consequences. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 4.24 4.24\"\/><path d=\"m14.83 9.17 4.24-4.24\"\/><path d=\"m14.83 14.83 4.24 4.24\"\/><path d=\"m9.17 14.83-4.24 4.24\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Demand is low before disasters<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">People underestimate rare risks, expect public aid and find premiums unaffordable. Take-up stays low until after an event, when it is too late.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12a10.06 10.06 1 0 0-20 0Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 12v8a2 2 0 0 0 4 0\"\/><path d=\"M12 2v1\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Some risks are hard to insure<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Highly correlated perils such as flood and earthquake need large capital. Without risk reduction or public backstops, private cover may be unaffordable or unavailable.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"3\" x2=\"21\" y1=\"22\" y2=\"22\"\/><line x1=\"6\" x2=\"6\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"10\" x2=\"10\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"14\" x2=\"14\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"18\" x2=\"18\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><polygon points=\"12 2 20 7 4 7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Public schemes fill some gaps<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">National pools, regional risk pools and government reinsurers spread risk and lower costs. Their design decides who is covered and what incentives they create.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Uninsured loss shifts burdens<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Uninsured losses fall on public budgets through aid and reconstruction, on lenders through defaults and on households through lost assets and debt.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Insurance protection gap<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The difference between economic losses and insured losses, for an event, a year or an expected annual figure.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Regional risk pool<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A scheme through which several countries buy catastrophe cover jointly, such as CCRIF SPC.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Insurability<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The conditions under which a risk can be covered at a price buyers can pay and insurers can sustain.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Insured share of economic catastrophe losses<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Industry catastrophe loss records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Protection gap by peril<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Modelled gap studies<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Household catastrophe insurance take-up<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">share of households<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">periodic<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Household surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Regional risk pool coverage<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency of cover bought<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Pool annual reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Public post-disaster spending<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Budget records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">EIOPA protection gap score for natural catastrophe<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">score by country and peril<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">periodic<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">EIOPA dashboard<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A-P02\/topics\/protection-gaps\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Protection gaps as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-a-p02-topics-protection-gaps-catmodel-t nx-dag-a-p02-topics-protection-gaps-catmodel-d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-a-p02-topics-protection-gaps-catmodel-t\">Protection gaps: catastrophe model pipeline<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-a-p02-topics-protection-gaps-catmodel-d\">A stochastic event catalogue drives the hazard module; exposure and vulnerability turn intensity into damage; the financial module applies policy terms; event and year loss tables give exceedance curves, PML and TVaR. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EIOPA dashboard on insurance protection gap for natural catastrophes<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Gap scores by country and peril in Europe<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, EU reuse terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Swiss Re Institute sigma natural catastrophe reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Insured and economic losses by region<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Proprietary research, reports free to read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Munich Re NatCatSERVICE<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Event records with insured and economic losses<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Proprietary; summary statistics published<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">CCRIF SPC, African Risk Capacity and PCRIC annual reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Regional sovereign risk pool cover and payouts<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to read, terms per pool<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Shield against Climate Risks records<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Pre-arranged finance packages for vulnerable countries<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to read, terms to check<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A-P02\/topics\/protection-gaps\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reinsurance and Catastrophe prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Finance ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether to establish or join public pools and how to fund residual risk<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Gap estimates, pool designs and fiscal exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Insurance supervisors<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether market conduct and products support take-up<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Take-up data and product reviews<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Insurers and reinsurers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether to offer cover in high-gap markets<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Exposure, model and distribution evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Pool boards<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">What cover to offer and at what price<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Model results and member needs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Guide to measuring the catastrophe protection gap<\/li><li>Comparative notes on national pools and regional risk pools<\/li><li>Brief on risk reduction as a condition of insurability<\/li><li>Questions for finance ministries on uninsured disaster losses<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask about protection gaps.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How large is the gap by peril, region and type of policyholder?<\/li><li>Why is insurance unavailable or unaffordable for some risks and people?<\/li><li>How do protection gaps affect recovery, poverty and public finances?<\/li><li>How might rising risk widen gaps in areas that are currently insured?<\/li><li>What roles do public schemes, risk reduction and risk transfer play in closing gaps?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms-and-drivers\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms and drivers<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Why protection gaps exist.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Gaps arise on both supply and demand sides. On the supply side, some risks are hard to insure because they are highly correlated, poorly understood or too large; flood in some regions has historically been one example. On the demand side, people may not buy insurance because of cost, limited awareness, distrust or the expectation of public assistance.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Gaps are widest in lower-income countries, where insurance penetration is low, but they also exist in high-income countries for particular perils. As hazards intensify in some areas, premiums may rise and insurers may withdraw, which can open gaps where cover was previously available.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Research links protection to recovery: insured households and businesses tend to recover faster, and economies with higher insurance coverage tend to experience smaller long-term output losses after disasters.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Methods and their limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Economic and insured loss comparison<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Estimating gaps from loss databases. Economic loss estimates are uncertain. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/catastrophe-loss-data\/\">catastrophe loss data<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Affordability analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Comparing risk-based premiums with incomes, using <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/actuarial-math\/\">actuarial methods<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Recovery studies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Examining how insurance affects recovery. Causal evidence is limited.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Scenario analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Testing how gaps change under hazard and exposure scenarios.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Estimates of protection gaps depend on how economic losses are measured, which differs between sources.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/stem\/actuarial-math\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Actuarial mathematics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Layer pricing from model output \u00b7 Blending experience and exposure rating \u00b7 Capital allocation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/actuarial-math\/\" aria-label=\"Actuarial mathematics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/stem\/extreme-value\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Extreme value theory and tail risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Pricing high excess layers \u00b7 Hazard return levels \u00b7 Tail dependence between perils<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/extreme-value\/\" aria-label=\"Extreme value theory and tail risk: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/stem\/climate-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Climate and atmospheric science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Conditioning event frequencies \u00b7 Scenario stress for capital \u00b7 Reading attribution studies<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/climate-science\/\" aria-label=\"Climate and atmospheric science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/stem\/uncertainty-quantification\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Uncertainty quantification and model validation<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Primary and secondary uncertainty \u00b7 Sensitivity ranking \u00b7 Multi-model ensembles<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/uncertainty-quantification\/\" aria-label=\"Uncertainty quantification and model validation: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Economic loss estimates are uncertain, especially in low-income countries where records are thin, so gap measures carry wide error. Modelled gaps depend on hazard models. Take-up surveys are infrequent. Reinsurance and Catastrophe explains measurement and design; it does not estimate any country's gap or advise on scheme design.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is a catastrophe protection gap?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The difference between economic losses from catastrophes and the part covered by insurance, measured per event, per year or as a modelled expected annual figure.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why is the gap larger for floods and earthquakes?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because these perils are highly correlated and capital-intensive, and in many markets cover is excluded, optional or expensive.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What do regional risk pools do?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">They let countries buy parametric cover jointly, sharing costs and diversifying risk; CCRIF, ARC and PCRIC are examples.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform design insurance schemes?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It provides shared research on gaps and their causes. Scheme design belongs to governments and insurers.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are protection gaps only a developing-country issue?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. They exist everywhere for some perils, though they are widest where insurance penetration is low.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can reinsurance close protection gaps?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It can support capacity, but gaps also depend on affordability, demand and risk reduction.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform estimate gaps for specific countries?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Any country analysis would be published with its methods and limits. None is listed yet.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Reinsurance and Catastrophe.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/reinsurance-structures\/\">Reinsurance structures <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/catastrophe-models\/\">Catastrophe models <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/aggregate-accumulation\/\">Aggregate accumulation <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/climate-and-natcat\/\">Climate and natcat <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/retrocession-and-capital\/\">Retrocession and capital <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/model-validation\/\">Model validation <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/\">Reinsurance and Catastrophe home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/\">The Global Risks Alliance home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/trust\/\">GRA governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reinsurance and Catastrophe<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. 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