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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nh8updoz.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"dossier\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A01 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 takaful-risk<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Insurance Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Insurance Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Takaful risk<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Takaful is insurance organised on principles of mutual assistance consistent with Islamic commercial law. Participants contribute to a shared risk fund, an operator manages it for a fee or a profit share, and surplus and deficit are treated differently from conventional insurance. This page sets out how takaful structures allocate risk, where their risks differ from conventional cover, how the sector is measured, and which institutions govern it.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">A01 \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Definition and scope<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">H3 field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Pipeline<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Run graph<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GRA \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>A parametric trigger, read on the map<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-4-sec\"><span>03<\/span>Underwriting and claims console, in\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>04<\/span>Takaful risk: how the risk develops<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>05<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>06<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>07<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>08<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Takaful is insurance organised on mutual assistance consistent with Islamic commercial law. Participants contribute to a shared risk fund, an operator manages it for a fee or a profit share, and surplus and deficit are treated differently from conventional insurance. IFSB standards set governance, solvency and risk management expectations.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Spatial finance<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A parametric trigger, read on the map.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">How a storm crossing a trigger zone would set a payment. Real geography; synthetic storm and design terms.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-sf\" data-fk=\"parametric-cyclone\" data-gl=\"sf:parametric-cyclone\" data-sf=\"parametric-cyclone\" data-sx-credit=\"Natural Earth (public domain) | relief: Mapzen Terrain Tiles | synthetic storm and design terms\" data-sx-src=\"Natural Earth ~ public domain ~ https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/ | Mapzen Terrain Tiles relief (SRTM, GMTED2010, ETOPO1) ~ attribution as published by Mapzen ~ https:\/\/github.com\/tilezen\/joerd\/blob\/master\/docs\/attribution.md | Design scenario values by the Global Risks Alliance ~ illustrative, not data\" data-sf-learn-views=\"compare\" aria-label=\"Interactive map: a synthetic tropical cyclone passing Jamaica, with a trigger zone coloured by modelled wind. The panel steps the storm and shows whether the illustrative trigger is met.\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>A tropical cyclone passing Jamaica, read against two ways of triggering a payment.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Synthetic storm and design terms, not a policy or a price.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A01\/topics\/takaful-risk\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Insurance Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-4-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Underwriting and claims console, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-insurance-underwriting\" data-cx=\"insurance.underwriting\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Underwriting and claims console: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Underwriting and claims console<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Takaful risk \u00b7 Insurer Alpha \u00b7 Quarter 2<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><ul class=\"nx-fk-kpis\" data-n=\"4\"><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Combined ratio, % of NEP<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k0\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">100<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-d\" data-dir=\"down\" data-good=\"na\">3<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k0\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,19.6L10.2,20.8L18.4,15.5L26.5,23L34.7,18.1L42.9,11.1L51.1,15.7L59.3,11.2L67.5,9.4L75.6,7.1L83.8,7.5L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,19.6L10.2,20.8L18.4,15.5L26.5,23L34.7,18.1L42.9,11.1L51.1,15.7L59.3,11.2L67.5,9.4L75.6,7.1L83.8,7.5L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Solvency ratio, % of SCR<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k1\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">186<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Normal<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k1\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,15.4L10.2,16.7L18.4,18.5L26.5,20.7L34.7,16.7L42.9,17.6L51.1,12.2L59.3,15.2L67.5,21.6L75.6,23L83.8,22.8L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,15.4L10.2,16.7L18.4,18.5L26.5,20.7L34.7,16.7L42.9,17.6L51.1,12.2L59.3,15.2L67.5,21.6L75.6,23L83.8,22.8L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Rate adequacy<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k2\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">1.07<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">index<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k2\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,7.2L10.2,10.3L18.4,10.5L26.5,14.1L34.7,17.3L42.9,20.3L51.1,23L59.3,19.8L67.5,19.2L75.6,15.4L83.8,19L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,7.2L10.2,10.3L18.4,10.5L26.5,14.1L34.7,17.3L42.9,20.3L51.1,23L59.3,19.8L67.5,19.2L75.6,15.4L83.8,19L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Claims in 30 days, %<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k3\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">87<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Normal<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k3\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,11.5L10.2,13.1L18.4,12.1L26.5,16.6L34.7,18.6L42.9,17.5L51.1,17.1L59.3,19.9L67.5,23L75.6,19.4L83.8,21.8L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,11.5L10.2,13.1L18.4,12.1L26.5,16.6L34.7,18.6L42.9,17.5L51.1,17.1L59.3,19.9L67.5,23L75.6,19.4L83.8,21.8L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Property book above appetite<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GRA \u00b7 Insurance Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"4\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Lines of business<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-insurance-underwriting-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-insurance-underwriting-t1\" aria-label=\"Lines of business\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Line<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">GWP (local m)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Loss ratio (%)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Rate change<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c4\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c4\">Appetite<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-insurance-underwriting:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\" aria-current=\"true\" data-cur=\"true\"><td>Property, commercial<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"94\">94<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"56\">56<\/td><td data-sv=\"8.45445256959647\">\u25b2 8<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Above<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-insurance-underwriting:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Property, household<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"246\">246<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"51\">51<\/td><td data-sv=\"5.194668567739427\">\u25b2 5<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Within<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-insurance-underwriting:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Motor<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"256\">256<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"65\">65<\/td><td data-sv=\"5.416775449644774\">\u25b2 5<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Within<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-insurance-underwriting:r1-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Health<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"64\">64<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"87\">87<\/td><td data-sv=\"4.86576222255826\">\u25b2 5<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"2\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Loss ratio<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Loss ratio\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-insurance-underwriting-c2\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Actual|ink|l||0:47;1:48.8;2:47.5;3:50.2;4:53.6;5:55.9;6:56.3;7:51.9;8:53.9;9:51.6;10:48.6;11:52.5;12:50.4;13:51.6;14:51.2;15:52.8;16:49.3;17:47.4;18:50;19:47.4;20:45.1;21:48.1;22:51.1;23:54.7~Plan|acc|l||0:47;1:48.1;2:48.4;3:48.5;4:50.5;5:53.6;6:56.2;7:58.6;8:61.3;9:65;10:68.1;11:65.7;12:63.8;13:61.8;14:60.3;15:61.1;16:63;17:62.1;18:65.2;19:68.7;20:70.6;21:71.9;22:73.9;23:77.3\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Underwriting and claims console: the screen's structure, terms and states for Takaful risk.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Takaful risk: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Takaful insurance research, governance and risk distinctions. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Separation of funds<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The participants' risk fund, the participants' investment fund and the operator's shareholder fund are kept apart. Losses and expenses must be allocated between them by rules set in the contract and supervised.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M11 15h2a2 2 0 1 0 0-4h-3c-.6 0-1.1.2-1.4.6L3 17\"\/><path d=\"m7 21 1.6-1.4c.3-.4.8-.6 1.4-.6h4c1.1 0 2.1-.4 2.8-1.2l4.6-4.4a2 2 0 0 0-2.75-2.91l-4.2 3.9\"\/><path d=\"m2 16 6 6\"\/><circle cx=\"16\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2.9\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Operator models<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Under wakalah the operator earns a fee, under mudarabah a share of investment profit, and hybrid models combine the two. Each model gives the operator different incentives and potential conflicts with participants.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Deficit and qard<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">When the risk fund runs short, the operator usually provides an interest-free loan, a qard, repaid from future surplus. The capacity and terms of qard are central to solvency and to fair treatment of participants.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 3H2v15h7c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3V7c0-2.2-1.8-4-4-4Z\"\/><path d=\"m16 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><path d=\"M22 6V3h-6c-2.2 0-4 1.8-4 4v14c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3h7v-2.3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Shari'ah governance and assets<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Shari'ah boards approve products and investments, which are limited to compliant assets such as sukuk. Narrow asset choice, limited retakaful capacity and differing interpretations add concentration and governance risk.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Participants' risk fund<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The pool, owned by participants, from which takaful claims are paid and to which their risk contributions are made.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Wakalah model<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A takaful operating model in which the operator acts as agent for participants and earns a fee for managing the fund.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Qard<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A benevolent, interest-free loan from the operator's shareholders' fund to cover a deficit in the participants' risk fund.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Retakaful<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Reinsurance arranged on takaful principles, used by takaful operators to transfer part of the risk fund's exposure.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Takaful contributions by line<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Supervisory statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Takaful penetration<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">contributions as a percent of GDP<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Contributions against national accounts<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Participants' risk fund surplus or deficit<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Takaful operator financial statements<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Outstanding qard<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Takaful operator financial statements<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Wakalah fee ratio<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">fee as a percent of contributions<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator disclosures<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Retakaful cession ratio<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">ceded contributions as a percent of gross contributions<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator financial statements<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Sukuk and compliant asset share of investments<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of investment portfolio<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Supervisory returns<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A01\/topics\/takaful-risk\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Takaful risk as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-a01-topics-takaful-risk-ngfs-t nx-dag-a01-topics-takaful-risk-ngfs-d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-a01-topics-takaful-risk-ngfs-t\">Takaful risk: climate scenario analysis pipeline<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-a01-topics-takaful-risk-ngfs-d\">Orderly, disorderly and hot house scenarios supply pathways for carbon prices and macro variables; transition and physical channels change sector and asset outcomes; credit parameters and portfolio losses follow, and results are disclosed with their limits. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IFSB Islamic Financial Services Industry Stability Report<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Annual review of the Islamic finance sector, including takaful<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, IFSB terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IFSB Prudential and Structural Islamic Financial Indicators (PSIFIs)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Country-level Islamic finance indicators, including takaful where reported<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, IFSB terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Bank Negara Malaysia statistics and reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Takaful market data and supervisory publications for Malaysia<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, central bank terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Insurance Authority of Saudi Arabia market reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Cooperative insurance market data for Saudi Arabia<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, terms per authority<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">AAOIFI Shari'ah and accounting standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">The Shari'ah standard on Islamic insurance and accounting for takaful<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Proprietary standards, licensed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ICMIF mutual and cooperative market data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Market share of mutual and cooperative insurers, including takaful<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public reports, ICMIF terms<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A01\/topics\/takaful-risk\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Insurance Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Takaful operators' boards<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which operator model to use, how to set fees and how to fund deficits<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Fund-level results, qard history, fee and expense allocation, and retakaful terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Shari'ah supervisory boards<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether products, investments and surplus distribution comply with Shari'ah<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Product structures, investment holdings and the applicable standards and resolutions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Insurance supervisors and central banks<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to apply solvency, governance and conduct rules to takaful funds and operators<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">IFSB standards, fund-level solvency evidence and participant protection data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Retakaful operators and reinsurers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How much capacity to offer takaful operators, and on what compliant terms<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Ceded portfolios, loss experience and the structure of the takaful funds<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Guide to takaful operator models and their incentive effects<\/li><li>Brief on deficit funding, qard and the allocation of surplus<\/li><li>Method note comparing takaful and conventional solvency treatment<\/li><li>Evidence-to-diligence checklist for takaful governance review<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What professionals ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How do takaful operating models allocate risk and returns between participants and operators?<\/li><li>How is a deficit in the participants' fund handled, and what does it mean for solvency?<\/li><li>How do Shariah governance and conventional prudential supervision interact?<\/li><li>How does retakaful capacity affect the sector's ability to cover large risks?<\/li><li>What role can takaful play in narrowing protection gaps?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Drivers and dynamics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">In takaful, participants contribute to a common fund on the basis of mutual cooperation, and claims are paid from that fund. An operator manages the fund for a fee, under a model often described as wakalah, or for a share of investment profit, under a model described as mudarabah, or a hybrid of the two. The participants' risk fund is kept separate from the operator's own funds. If the risk fund falls into deficit, operators commonly provide an interest-free loan, known as qard, to be repaid from future surpluses.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Takaful operators are supervised by prudential regulators and also subject to Shariah governance through supervisory boards that review products and investments. Standard-setting bodies such as the Islamic Financial Services Board and the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions develop guidance specific to the sector. Investment is restricted to Shariah-compliant assets, which affects asset-liability matching.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-limits\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and limits<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Structural analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Comparing operating models and their effects on risk sharing and incentives.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Solvency research<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Adapting actuarial and capital methods from <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/stem\/actuarial-math\/\">actuarial mathematics<\/a> to the separation of funds.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Governance studies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Examining how Shariah boards and prudential supervisors interact.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Practices and regulation vary across jurisdictions, sector data is limited, and interpretations of principles differ between scholars.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/stem\/actuarial-math\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Actuarial mathematics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Loss reserving with development triangles \u00b7 Experience rating and credibility<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/actuarial-math\/\" aria-label=\"Actuarial mathematics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/stem\/probability-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Probability and statistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Frequency and severity modelling \u00b7 Bayesian updating of assumptions<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/probability-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Probability and statistics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/stem\/extreme-value\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Extreme value theory and tail risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Large-loss pricing for excess layers \u00b7 Tail measures for solvency capital<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/extreme-value\/\" aria-label=\"Extreme value theory and tail risk: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Takaful data are reported inconsistently across jurisdictions and are often aggregated with conventional insurance. Operator models and Shari'ah interpretations differ between countries and boards, so comparisons need care. Markets are small in many countries, which makes their statistics volatile, and retakaful data are sparser still. Insurance Nexus explains structures and risks; it gives no Shari'ah ruling and no advice on any product or operator.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>How does takaful differ from conventional insurance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Participants share risk through a common fund rather than transferring it to an insurer for a premium. The operator manages the fund for a fee or a profit share, and surplus can belong to participants.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happens when a takaful fund is in deficit?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Usually the operator provides an interest-free loan, a qard, repaid from future surplus. Rules on when and how qard is provided vary by jurisdiction and are set by supervisors.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who decides whether a product is Shari'ah compliant?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The operator's Shari'ah supervisory board, within the national framework, which in some countries includes a central Shari'ah advisory council. Insurance Nexus does not issue rulings.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is takaful the same as mutual insurance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Both treat policyholders as a risk-sharing group, but takaful adds Shari'ah requirements on contracts and investments and usually has a separate operator owned by shareholders.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is takaful different from conventional insurance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Participants share risk through a common fund managed by an operator, rather than transferring risk to an insurer in exchange for a premium.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happens if the participants' fund is in deficit?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Operators commonly provide an interest-free loan to the fund, repaid from future surpluses, under the rules of the jurisdiction.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does GRA rule on Shariah compliance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It takes no position on religious interpretation; Shariah boards and competent authorities decide.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does GRA give advice on this topic?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. GRA does not underwrite, sell, solicit, negotiate, place or broker insurance, and it does not rate, advise on or arrange transactions. Readiness work is not approval. Its analysis is shared, sector-level understanding.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Insurance Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-market-structure\/\">Insurance market structure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/underwriting-and-pricing-risk\/\">Underwriting and pricing risk <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/property-and-casualty\/\">Property and casualty <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/health-and-life-insurance\/\">Health and life insurance <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/claims-and-operational-resilience\/\">Claims and operational resilience <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-protection-gaps\/\">Insurance protection gaps <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/\">Insurance Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/\">The Global Risks Alliance home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/trust\/\">GRA governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Insurance Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@globalriskalliance.com?subject=Insurance%20Nexus%3A%20Takaful%20risk\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/takaful-risk\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/takaful-risk\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How does takaful differ from conventional insurance?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Participants share risk through a common fund rather than transferring it to an insurer for a premium. 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