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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2iuq4rb.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"ledger\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A01 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topics<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Insurance Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Insurance Nexus \u00b7 Topics<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Topics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Topics at Insurance Nexus: the pages in this section are listed below, each with its own scope and status.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-market-structure\/\">Open Insurance market structure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/\">Back to Insurance Nexus<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Insurance Nexus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-market-structure\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Insurance market structure<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/underwriting-and-pricing-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Underwriting and pricing risk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/property-and-casualty\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Property and casualty<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/health-and-life-insurance\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Health and life insurance<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/claims-and-operational-resilience\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Claims and operational resilience<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-protection-gaps\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Insurance protection gaps<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/climate-and-nature-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Climate and nature risk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurtech-and-ai\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Insurtech and AI<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GRA \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-about-this-section\"><span>02<\/span>Topics at Insurance Nexus<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a01-tp\"><span>03<\/span>Insurance Nexus topics, and the\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-sources\"><span>05<\/span>Where this page's references lead<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-7-sec\"><span>06<\/span>Pages in Topics<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Insurance Nexus topics are the nine subject dossiers of its field, among them insurance market structure, underwriting and pricing risk, and property and casualty. Each dossier sets out how the risk develops, what is measured and in which units, the public sources and their licences, the methods, who decides and the limits of the evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-about-this-section\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">About this section<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics at Insurance Nexus.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a01-tp\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic map<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Insurance Nexus topics, and the question each answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Topic\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-market-structure\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Insurance market structure explained<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Insurance moves risk from those who cannot carry it to those who can pool or hold it.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/underwriting-and-pricing-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Underwriting and pricing risk in insurance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Underwriting decides which risks an insurer accepts and on what terms; pricing sets the premium that should cover expected losses, expenses, the cost of capital and uncertainty.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/property-and-casualty\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Property and casualty catastrophe exposure<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Property and casualty insurance covers damage to physical assets and liability to others.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/health-and-life-insurance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Health and life insurance risk: longevity<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Health and life insurance carry the risks of illness, disability, death and living longer than savings last.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/claims-and-operational-resilience\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Claims handling and operational resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">A claim is the moment an insurance promise is tested.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-protection-gaps\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Insurance protection gap: causes and costs<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">A protection gap is the part of economic loss that no insurance covers.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/climate-and-nature-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Climate and nature risk in insurance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate change shifts the frequency, intensity and location of the hazards insurers cover, and nature loss removes buffers such as wetlands, mangroves and forests that once reduced damage.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurtech-and-ai\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">AI in insurance: insurtech and model risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Data, automation and machine learning now reach every step of insurance: distribution, underwriting, pricing, claims and fraud detection.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/takaful-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Takaful risk and governance explained<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Takaful is insurance organised on principles of mutual assistance consistent with Islamic commercial law.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Topic pages in Insurance Nexus share one structure: mechanisms, indicators, sources, methods, decisions and limits, written for underwriters and portfolio managers and catastrophe and pricing actuaries.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Insurance penetration<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Gross written premium as a share of gross domestic product, a measure of how much insurance an economy buys.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Loss ratio<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Incurred claims divided by earned premium for a period or a line of business.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Average annual loss<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The expected insured loss per year from a peril, averaged over all simulated years of a catastrophe model.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Longevity risk<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The risk that people live longer than assumed, so annuities and pensions pay out for longer than they were priced and reserved for.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Operational resilience<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A firm's ability to prevent, adapt to, respond to, recover from and learn from operational disruption while keeping important business services running.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page's references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iais.org\/activities-topics\/standard-setting\/icps-and-comframe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>IAIS Insurance Core Principles and ComFrame, including the Insurance Capital Standard (adopted December 2024)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2009\/138\/oj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Solvency II Directive 2009\/138\/EC as amended by the 2025 review (apply from 30 January 2027)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ifrs.org\/issued-standards\/list-of-standards\/ifrs-17-insurance-contracts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-7-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Topics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-market-structure\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Insurance market structure<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Carriers, brokers and risk transfer roles.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/underwriting-and-pricing-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Underwriting and pricing risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Risk factors, data limits and role boundaries.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/property-and-casualty\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Property and casualty<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Catastrophe and portfolio exposure.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/health-and-life-insurance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Health and life insurance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Social, health and longevity risk.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/claims-and-operational-resilience\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Claims and operational resilience<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Continuity, fraud and claims systems.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurance-protection-gaps\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Insurance protection gaps<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Underinsurance and loss transmission.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/climate-and-nature-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate and nature risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Physical exposure and insurability.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/insurtech-and-ai\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Insurtech and AI<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">AI model governance and customer effects.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/topics\/takaful-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Takaful risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Takaful insurance research, governance and risk distinctions.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-8\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Insurance Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/about\/\">Industry scope and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/sector\/\">Financial discipline overview <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/research\/\">Professional research <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 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