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\"><style>#nxe-n599dwp6.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n599dwp6.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"ledger\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A04 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topics<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Fintech Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Fintech Nexus \u00b7 Topics<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Topics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Topics at Fintech Nexus: the pages in this section are listed below, each with its own scope and status.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/payments-and-innovation\/\">Open Payments and innovation <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/\">Back to Fintech Nexus<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Fintech Nexus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/payments-and-innovation\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Payments and innovation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/open-finance\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Open finance<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/digital-assets-and-tokenization\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Digital assets and tokenisation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/ai-and-automation\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">AI and automation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/financial-identity\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Financial identity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/fintech-operational-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Fintech operational risk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/regtech-and-supervision\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Regtech and supervision<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/financial-inclusion\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Financial inclusion<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GRA \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-about-this-section\"><span>02<\/span>Topics at Fintech Nexus<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a04-tp\"><span>03<\/span>Fintech Nexus topics, and the\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-sources\"><span>05<\/span>Where this page's references lead<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-7-sec\"><span>06<\/span>Pages in Topics<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Fintech Nexus topics are the nine subject dossiers of its field, among them payments and innovation, open finance, and digital assets and tokenisation. Each dossier sets out how the risk develops, what is measured and in which units, the public sources and their licences, the methods, who decides and the limits of the evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-about-this-section\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">About this section<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics at Fintech Nexus.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a04-tp\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic map<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Fintech Nexus topics, and the question each answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Topic\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/payments-and-innovation\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Instant payments risk and APP fraud<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Payments are moving from batch and card rails to instant, always-on and increasingly cross-border services, built by banks, payment institutions, technology firms and public operators side by side.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/open-finance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Open finance and open banking risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Open finance lets customers direct their bank, payment, savings, insurance and pension data to other providers through secure interfaces, and in some regimes lets those providers initiate payments.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/digital-assets-and-tokenization\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Digital assets and tokenisation<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Tokenisation records claims on money, securities and other assets as tokens on programmable ledgers, so that transfer, settlement and some servicing can happen on one platform.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/ai-and-automation\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">AI model risk in financial services<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Banks, insurers, asset managers and payment firms use machine learning and, increasingly, generative models for credit scoring, fraud detection, trading, customer service, compliance and software development.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/financial-identity\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Digital onboarding and identity fraud<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Every financial relationship starts with identifying the customer: proving who they are, checking them against sanctions and risk lists, and authenticating them each time they return.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/fintech-operational-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Fintech operational risk and cloud<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Fintech firms and the banks that partner with them run on cloud platforms, software suppliers, data vendors and outsourced operations, often supplied by a small number of large firms.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/regtech-and-supervision\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Regtech and suptech for compliance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Regtech is the technology firms use to meet regulatory obligations: transaction monitoring, sanctions screening, regulatory reporting and conduct surveillance.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/financial-inclusion\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Digital financial inclusion risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Financial inclusion means that individuals and small firms can use useful, affordable and safe financial services: transaction accounts, savings, credit, insurance and payments.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/digital-assets-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Crypto-asset risk and stablecoins<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Crypto-assets, stablecoins and decentralised finance have built a market with its own trading venues, lending, leverage and settlement layers, increasingly linked to banks, payment systems and funds.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Topic pages in Fintech Nexus share one structure: mechanisms, indicators, sources, methods, decisions and limits, written for payments and fintech risk officers and compliance and financial-crime teams.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Authorised push payment fraud<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Fraud in which a victim is tricked into authorising a payment to a criminal's account.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Open banking<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Open data sharing limited to payment accounts, as under the EU PSD2 regime.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Tokenised deposit<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A commercial bank deposit represented as a token on a ledger, still a liability of the bank.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Model drift<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Decline in model performance as the data in use moves away from the training data.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Customer due diligence<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Identifying and verifying customers and understanding their risk, required under FATF Recommendation 10.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page's references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bis.org\/cpmi\/info_pfmi.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>CPMI-IOSCO Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (2012) and cyber resilience guidance (2016)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fatf-gafi.org\/en\/publications\/Fatfrecommendations\/update-Recommendation-16-payment-transparency-june-2025.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>FATF Recommendations, including revised Recommendation 16 on payment transparency (June 2025; implementation by end-2030)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2022\/2554\/oj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>EU Digital Operational Resilience Act, Regulation 2022\/2554 (applies from 17 January 2025)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2023\/1114\/oj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), Regulation 2023\/1114<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-7-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Topics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/payments-and-innovation\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Payments and innovation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">New payment services and resilience.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/open-finance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Open finance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Data portability, privacy and access.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/digital-assets-and-tokenization\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Digital assets and tokenisation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Digital market infrastructure and risks.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/ai-and-automation\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">AI and automation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Financial model and decision risk.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/financial-identity\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Financial identity<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Onboarding, fraud and exclusion.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/fintech-operational-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Fintech operational risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Cloud, cybersecurity and vendors.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/regtech-and-supervision\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Regtech and supervision<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Compliance technology as research.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/financial-inclusion\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Financial inclusion<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Access, SMEs and equitable design.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/topics\/digital-assets-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Digital assets risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Digital asset and tokenization research without exchange or custody.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-8\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Fintech Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/about\/\">Industry scope and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/fintech-nexus\/sector\/\">Financial discipline overview <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" 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