{"id":55,"date":"2026-10-17T10:48:27","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T10:48:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/?page_id=55"},"modified":"2026-10-18T23:28:17","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T23:28:17","slug":"topics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/","title":{"rendered":"Topics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/ \u00b7 source template \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-mount\" data-nx-run=\"mount\">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<\/script><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-boot\">(function(){function M(g,w){var l=atob(g),c=new Uint8Array(l.length),r;for(r=0;r< l.length;r++){c[r]=l.charCodeAt(r)}var o=0,e=0,b=0,f=new Uint8Array(Math.max(1024,c.length*6)),n=0;var V=[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,17,19,23,27,31,35,43,51,59,67,83,99,115,131,163,195,227,258];var W=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,0];var Y=[1,2,3,4,5,7,9,13,17,25,33,49,65,97,129,193,257,385,513,769,1025,1537,2049,3073,4097,6145,8193,12289,16385,24577];var Z=[0,0,0,0,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13];var z=[16,17,18,0,8,7,9,6,10,5,11,4,12,3,13,2,14,1,15];function u(a){while(b< a){if(o>=c.length){throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: truncated\")}e|=c[o++]<< b;b+=8}var i=e%(1<< a);e>>>=a;b-=a;return i}function A(a,i,d){var h=new Uint16Array(16),x=new Uint16Array(16),v=new Uint16Array(d),t;for(t=0;t< d;t++){h[a[i+t]]++}h[0]=0;for(t=1;t<16;t++){x[t]=x[t-1]+h[t-1]}for(t=0;t< d;t++){if(a[i+t]){v[x[a[i+t]]++]=t}}return{count:h,sym:v}}function k(a){var i=0,d=0,h=0,x,v;for(x=1;x<16;x++){i|=u(1);v=a.count[x];if(i-v< d){return a.sym[h+(i-d)]}h+=v;d+=v;d<<=1;i<<=1}throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: bad code\")}function I(a){if(n+a<=f.length){return}var i=new Uint8Array(Math.max(f.length*2,n+a));i.set(f.subarray(0,n));f=i}var L=null,R=null,T=0;while(!T){T=u(1);var O=u(2),S,$;if(O===0){e=0;b=0;var E=c[o]|c[o+1]<<8;o+=4;I(E);f.set(c.subarray(o,o+E),n);n+=E;o+=E;continue}if(O===1){if(!L){var X=new Uint8Array(288),J=new Uint8Array(30);for(r=0;r<288;r++){X[r]=r<144?8:r<256?9:r<280?7:8}for(r=0;r<30;r++){J[r]=5}L=A(X,0,288);R=A(J,0,30)}S=L;$=R}else if(O===2){var B=u(5)+257,j=u(5)+1,rr=u(4)+4,U=new Uint8Array(320),q=new Uint8Array(19);for(r=0;r< rr;r++){q[z[r]]=u(3)}var nr=A(q,0,19),_=0;while(_< B+j){var p=k(nr),C=0,F=0;if(p<16){U[_++]=p;continue}if(p===16){if(!_){throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: bad repeat\")}F=U[_-1];C=3+u(2)}else if(p===17){C=3+u(3)}else{C=11+u(7)}while(C--){U[_++]=F}}S=A(U,0,B);$=A(U,B,j)}else{throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: bad block\")}for(;;){var s=k(S);if(s<256){I(1);f[n++]=s;continue}if(s===256){break}s-=257;var G=V[s]+u(W[s]),H=k($),K=Y[H]+u(Z[H]);if(K>n){throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: bad distance\")}I(G);for(var P=0;P< G;P++){f[n]=f[n-K];n++}}}return w?f.subarray(0,n):new TextDecoder(\"utf-8\").decode(f.subarray(0,n))}if(typeof window.__nxInflate!==\"function\"){window.__nxInflate=M}function Q(g){var w=M(g,true),l=w[0]|w[1]<<8|w[2]<<16|w[3]<<24;var c=w.subarray(4+l);function r(o,e){var b=\"\",f=c.subarray(o,o+e);for(var n=0;e>n;n+=8192){b+=String.fromCharCode.apply(null,f.subarray(n,n+8192))}return btoa(b)}return JSON.parse(new TextDecoder(\"utf-8\").decode(w.subarray(4,4+l)),function(o,e){return e?e.$b?r(e.$b[0],e.$b[1]):e:e})}if(typeof window.__nxUnpack!==\"function\"){window.__nxUnpack=Q}var N=document.querySelectorAll(\"script[data-nx-run]\");for(var D=0;D< N.length;D++){var y=N[D];if(y.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\")){continue}y.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"true\");try{var m=document.createElement(\"script\");m.className=\"_iub_cs_skip\";m.setAttribute(\"data-nx-runtime\",y.getAttribute(\"data-nx-run\"));m.textContent=window.__nxInflate(y.textContent);(document.head||document.documentElement).appendChild(m)}catch(g){y.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"failed\")}}})();<\/script><div class=\"nxe-host\" data-nxe-embed=\"n-a-p06-topics\"><div class=\"nxe\" id=\"nxe-nb7jlm8p\" data-inst=\"gra\" data-theme=\"light\" data-grammar=\"atlas\" data-domain=\"infrastructure\" data-arche=\"index\" data-density=\"compact\" lang=\"en\" data-nx-css=\"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\"><style>#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nb7jlm8p.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"ledger\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A-P06 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topics<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience \u00b7 Topics<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Topics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Topics at Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience: the pages in this section are listed below, each with its own scope and status.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/critical-business-services\/\">Open Critical business services <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/\">Back to Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/critical-business-services\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Critical business services<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/financial-cyber-threats\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Financial cyber threats<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/cloud-and-outsourcing\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Cloud and outsourcing<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/incident-and-crisis-response\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Incident and crisis response<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/digital-supply-chains\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Digital supply chains<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/data-integrity-and-availability\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Data integrity and availability<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/operational-resilience-testing\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Operational resilience testing<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/resilience-metrics\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Resilience metrics<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GRA \u00b7 In development \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-about-this-section\"><span>02<\/span>Topics at Financial Cyber and\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a-p06-tp\"><span>03<\/span>Financial Cyber and Operational\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-sources\"><span>05<\/span>Where this page's references lead<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-7-sec\"><span>06<\/span>Pages in Topics<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience topics are the eight subject dossiers of its field, among them critical business services, financial cyber threats, and cloud and outsourcing. Each dossier sets out how the risk develops, what is measured and in which units, the public sources and their licences, the methods, who decides and the limits of the evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-about-this-section\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">About this section<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics at Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a-p06-tp\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic map<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience topics, and the question each answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Topic\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/critical-business-services\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Critical business services and tolerances<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Operational resilience starts by deciding which services matter most: payments, account access, claims payment, trading, custody.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/financial-cyber-threats\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Cyber threats to financial firms<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Financial firms face ransomware, intrusions to steal data or funds, attacks that enable fraud, insider threats and activity by state-linked groups.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/cloud-and-outsourcing\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Cloud and outsourcing risk in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Financial firms run core services on cloud platforms and outsource operations to specialist providers.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/incident-and-crisis-response\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Incident and crisis response in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">When an incident strikes, firms must detect it, decide its severity, contain it, report it to authorities, inform customers and recover.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/digital-supply-chains\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Digital supply chain risk in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Financial firms depend on chains of software libraries, hardware, vendors and service providers, most of them several steps away.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/data-integrity-and-availability\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Data integrity and recovery in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Finance runs on records: account balances, positions, policies and transactions.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/operational-resilience-testing\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Operational resilience testing in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Testing shows whether resilience plans hold.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/resilience-metrics\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Operational resilience metrics<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Boards and supervisors want to know whether resilience is improving.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Topic pages in Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience share one structure: mechanisms, indicators, sources, methods, decisions and limits, written for CISOs and operational resilience leads and cyber supervisors.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Dependency mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Tracing the people, processes, technology, facilities and suppliers a service relies on.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Ransomware<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Malicious software that encrypts or steals data and demands payment for its release.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Shared responsibility model<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The split of security duties between a cloud provider and its customer.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Incident classification<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Deciding an incident's severity against criteria that determine reporting and escalation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Software bill of materials<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A list of the components and dependencies in a piece of software.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page's references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2022\/2554\/oj\"><span>EU Digital Operational Resilience Act, Regulation 2022\/2554 (applies from 17 January 2025)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bis.org\/bcbs\/publ\/d516.htm\"><span>BCBS Principles for Operational Resilience (2021)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fsb.org\/work-of-the-fsb\/financial-innovation-and-structural-change\/cyber-resilience\/\"><span>FSB Cyber Lexicon and format for incident reporting exchange (FIRE)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-7-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Topics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/critical-business-services\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Critical business services<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Identifying service continuity outcomes.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/financial-cyber-threats\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Financial cyber threats<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Attack paths and control evidence.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/cloud-and-outsourcing\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cloud and outsourcing<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Concentration and resilience.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/incident-and-crisis-response\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Incident and crisis response<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Response roles, escalation and recovery.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/digital-supply-chains\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Digital supply chains<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Vendor risks and software dependencies.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/data-integrity-and-availability\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Data integrity and availability<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Confidentiality, integrity and continuity.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/operational-resilience-testing\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Operational resilience testing<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Severe but plausible scenario design.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/resilience-metrics\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Resilience metrics<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Tolerances, metrics and measurement limits.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-8\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/about\/\">Industry scope and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/sector\/\">Financial discipline overview <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/research\/\">Professional research <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/innovation\/\">Technology and emerging practices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/readiness\/\">Resilience and finance readiness <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/programmes\/\">Research and industry programmes <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/\">Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/\">The Global Risks Alliance home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/trust\/\">GRA governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@globalriskalliance.com?subject=Financial%20Cyber%20and%20Operational%20Resilience%3A%20Topics\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/#terms\",\"name\":\"Key terms: Topics\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/#webpage\"},\"hasDefinedTerm\":[{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Dependency mapping\",\"description\":\"Tracing the people, processes, technology, facilities and suppliers a service relies on.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Ransomware\",\"description\":\"Malicious software that encrypts or steals data and demands payment for its release.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Shared responsibility model\",\"description\":\"The split of security duties between a cloud provider and its customer.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Incident classification\",\"description\":\"Deciding an incident's severity against criteria that determine reporting and escalation.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Software bill of materials\",\"description\":\"A list of the components and dependencies in a piece of software.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/#terms\"}}]}]}<\/script>\n\n<!-- nx-rev:d200ec1def44328b -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LightDarkAuto A-P06 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topicsGRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0 GRA\u00b7Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience\u00b7In development Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience \u00b7 Topics Topics Topics at Financial Cyber and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Topics&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":550,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-55","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55\/revisions\/100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}