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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1qx31np.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"editorial\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A-P03 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 risk-financing-layers<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Disaster Risk Finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Disaster Risk Finance<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Risk financing layers<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">No single instrument pays for every disaster at reasonable cost. Risk layering matches instruments to losses: budget reserves and contingency funds for frequent small events, contingent credit for medium events, and insurance or catastrophe bonds for rare severe events. This page sets out how layering works and where it fails, the data it needs, and the finance ministries and partners who decide.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"contents\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>In this dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">7 parts<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">The short answer<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Risk financing layers: how the risk develops<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Terms used on this page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">What is measured, and how well<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Canvas<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">From sources to decisions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Where the evidence comes from<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decisions<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GRA \u00b7 In development \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Where projects sit, and which layer\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-4-sec\"><span>03<\/span>Parametric trigger monitor, in outline<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>04<\/span>Risk financing layers: how the risk\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>05<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>06<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>07<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>08<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Disaster risk layering is the practice of matching financial instruments to losses by size and frequency: reserves for frequent small events, contingent credit for medium ones and insurance or bonds for rare severe ones. It needs a loss model. Finance ministries, legislatures and development banks hold the decisions.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Spatial finance<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where projects sit, and which layer protects them.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Where development projects meet hazard and poverty, and which financing layer protects them. Hypothetical projects and design values.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-sf\" data-fk=\"dfi-siting\" data-gl=\"sf:dfi-siting\" data-sf=\"dfi-siting\" data-sx-credit=\"Natural Earth (public domain) | relief: Mapzen Terrain Tiles | hypothetical projects and design values\" data-sx-src=\"Natural Earth ~ public domain ~ https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/ | Mapzen Terrain Tiles relief (SRTM, GMTED2010, ETOPO1) ~ attribution as published by Mapzen ~ https:\/\/github.com\/tilezen\/joerd\/blob\/master\/docs\/attribution.md | Design scenario values by the Global Risks Alliance ~ illustrative, not data\" data-sf-learn-views=\"layers\" aria-label=\"Interactive map: ten hypothetical projects in Mozambique and Malawi over a design hazard and a poverty proxy, linked to a risk-layering diagram. The panel chooses a layer or a project.\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Development projects in Mozambique and Malawi against hazard and poverty, with the financing layer that would protect each.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Hypothetical projects and design values; no country's strategy is shown.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A-P03\/topics\/risk-financing-layers\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Disaster Risk Finance live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-4-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Parametric trigger monitor, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-drf-triggers\" data-cx=\"drf.triggers\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Parametric trigger monitor: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Parametric trigger monitor<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Risk financing layers \u00b7 Sovereign C \u00b7 Season 1<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Index approaching trigger<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GRA \u00b7 Disaster Risk Finance<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Index vs trigger<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Index vs trigger\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-drf-triggers-c0\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Index|ink|l||0:45.9;1:51.4;2:47.5;3:45.5;4:43.6;5:45.9;6:46;7:44.5;8:46.3;9:48.7;10:50.6;11:52.6;12:54.4;13:59.1;14:66;15:71.5;16:73.6;17:78.8;18:77.5;19:79.6;20:75.8;21:74;22:77;23:80.5~Long-term mean|acc|l||0:52.4;1:56.6;2:57.7;3:57;4:55.4;5:54.7;6:54.8;7:57;8:60.1;9:58.7;10:58;11:63;12:68.1;13:70.6;14:72.9;15:75.2;16:77.2;17:81.7;18:82.3;19:83.5;20:83.6;21:84.4;22:89.5;23:92.9\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Payment structure<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-drf-triggers-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-drf-triggers-t1\" aria-label=\"Payment structure\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Level<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Index value<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Payment share<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">State<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-drf-triggers:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Attachment<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"63\">63<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">0<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Close<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-drf-triggers:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Mid<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"80\">80<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"44\">44<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"off\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Not met<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-drf-triggers:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Exhaustion<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"91\">91<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">100<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"off\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Not met<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"bullets\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Risk layers<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">local m, pre-arranged<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-chart\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 128\" width=\"460\" height=\"128\" role=\"img\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-label=\"Risk layers\" data-fk-chart=\"bars\"><g data-m=\"row\" data-k=\"r-b0\"><text data-m=\"rlabel\" x=\"124\" y=\"19\" text-anchor=\"end\">Contingency budget<\/text><rect data-m=\"bar\" data-k=\"b-b0\" data-c=\"s4\" x=\"132\" y=\"4\" width=\"30.1\" height=\"22\"\/><text data-m=\"vlabel\" data-k=\"v-b0\" x=\"168.1\" y=\"19\">72 m<\/text><rect data-m=\"hit\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"460\" height=\"30\"\/><\/g><g data-m=\"row\" data-k=\"r-b1\"><text data-m=\"rlabel\" x=\"124\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"end\">Contingent credit<\/text><rect data-m=\"bar\" data-k=\"b-b1\" data-c=\"s4\" x=\"132\" y=\"34\" width=\"61.4\" height=\"22\"\/><text data-m=\"vlabel\" data-k=\"v-b1\" x=\"199.4\" y=\"49\">148 m<\/text><rect data-m=\"hit\" x=\"0\" y=\"30\" width=\"460\" height=\"30\"\/><\/g><g data-m=\"row\" data-k=\"r-b2\"><text data-m=\"rlabel\" x=\"124\" y=\"79\" text-anchor=\"end\">Parametric cover<\/text><rect data-m=\"bar\" data-k=\"b-b2\" data-c=\"s4\" x=\"132\" y=\"64\" width=\"69.3\" height=\"22\"\/><text data-m=\"vlabel\" data-k=\"v-b2\" x=\"207.3\" y=\"79\">167 m<\/text><rect data-m=\"hit\" x=\"0\" y=\"60\" width=\"460\" height=\"30\"\/><\/g><g data-m=\"row\" data-k=\"r-b3\"><text data-m=\"rlabel\" x=\"124\" y=\"109\" text-anchor=\"end\">Funding gap, 1-in-50<\/text><rect data-m=\"bar\" data-k=\"b-b3\" data-c=\"neg\" x=\"132\" y=\"94\" width=\"82.4\" height=\"22\"\/><text data-m=\"vlabel\" data-k=\"v-b3\" x=\"220.4\" y=\"109\">198 m<\/text><rect data-m=\"hit\" x=\"0\" y=\"90\" width=\"460\" height=\"30\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"steps\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Payment to people<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-steps\" data-n=\"5\"><li data-st=\"now\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Trigger<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">agent confirms<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Payment<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\"><span class=\"nx-cx-n\">10<\/span> days<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Treasury<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">transfer<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Social protection<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">scale-up<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Households<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">cash<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Parametric trigger monitor: the screen's structure, terms and states for Risk financing layers.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Risk financing layers: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Retention, contingency and external risk transfer. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cost rises with rarity<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Retaining frequent losses is cheapest; transferring rare, severe losses avoids catastrophic budget shocks. Paying insurers to cover frequent losses wastes premium on predictable costs.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M5 22h14\"\/><path d=\"M5 2h14\"\/><path d=\"M17 22v-4.172a2 2 0 0 0-.586-1.414L12 12l-4.414 4.414A2 2 0 0 0 7 17.828V22\"\/><path d=\"M7 2v4.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414L12 12l4.414-4.414A2 2 0 0 0 17 6.172V2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Timing matters as much as size<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Relief needs money in days, recovery in months, reconstruction in years. Instruments differ in speed, so a strategy combines them across time as well as size.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M4.268 21a2 2 0 0 0 1.727 1H18a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7l-5-5H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v3\"\/><path d=\"m9 18-1.5-1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"14\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Layers need a loss model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Setting attachment points requires estimates of loss frequency and severity. Without a risk model, layers are guessed and may leave gaps or overlaps.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Gaps fall back to the budget<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Any loss not covered by a layer is borne by the budget through reallocation, borrowing or delayed spending. Unplanned gaps cut services and investment.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Risk retention<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Bearing a loss directly through budgets or reserves rather than transferring it.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Risk transfer<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Shifting the financial consequences of a loss to another party, such as an insurer, for a price.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Contingent credit<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A pre-approved credit line that can be drawn after a qualifying disaster.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Disaster contingency reserve<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency and share of budget<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Budget documents<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Contingent credit available<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Lender records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Sovereign insurance cover purchased<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency of limit<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Pool and insurer records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Modelled average annual loss to public assets and relief<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">currency per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per study<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Country risk profiles<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Share of modelled loss pre-financed by layer<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per strategy review<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Disaster risk finance strategies<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Disaster risk finance strategy adopted<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">yes or no<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">on change<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Government records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A-P03\/topics\/risk-financing-layers\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Risk financing layers as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-a-p03-topics-risk-financing-layers-parame-t nx-dag-a-p03-topics-risk-financing-layers-parame-d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-a-p03-topics-risk-financing-layers-parame-t\">Risk financing layers: parametric trigger design and payment<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-a-p03-topics-risk-financing-layers-parame-d\">A peril and an index are chosen, the trigger and payment structure designed and tested for basis risk, priced and contracted; a calculation agent monitors the index, calculates the payment and funds flow to pre-agreed delivery. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">World Bank and GFDRR disaster risk finance country diagnostics<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Assessments of financial exposure and instruments<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, World Bank terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">CCRIF SPC, ARC and PCRIC annual reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Sovereign parametric cover and payouts<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to read, terms per pool<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">World Bank Cat DDO and contingent financing documents<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Contingent credit lines with disaster triggers<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, World Bank terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Centre for Disaster Protection research<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Analysis of disaster risk finance instruments and strategies<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to read, terms to check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">OECD disaster risk financing reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Comparative country practice<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, OECD terms<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A-P03\/topics\/risk-financing-layers\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Disaster Risk Finance prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Finance ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which instruments to use for each layer and how much to retain<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Risk model output, instrument costs and comparable strategies<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Legislatures<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether to fund contingency reserves and approve insurance premiums<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Fiscal exposure evidence and strategy documents<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Multilateral development banks<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">What contingent financing to offer and on what terms<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Country risk profiles and instrument performance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Regional pool boards<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">What cover to offer member countries<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Model results and member demand<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Guide to risk layering and instrument characteristics<\/li><li>Method note on setting attachment points with risk model output<\/li><li>Comparative notes on national disaster risk finance strategies<\/li><li>Questions for finance ministries on uncovered layers<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The questions experts ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"columns\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Which losses can the budget absorb without disrupting essential spending?<\/li><li>At what level of loss does retention become too costly or disruptive?<\/li><li>What is the cost of each instrument relative to the expected losses it covers?<\/li><li>How quickly does each source of funds become available after an event?<\/li><li>How do layers interact, and are there gaps between them?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The logic of layering.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">The economics of layering rest on a simple observation: transferring risk costs more than the expected loss, because those who take it on need compensation for capital, uncertainty and expenses. For frequent events, paying that premium is usually inefficient, since the losses are predictable enough to budget for. For rare, severe events, the opposite can hold: the loss would be too large to absorb without severe disruption, so paying to transfer some of it can be worthwhile.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Between these sits contingent credit, which provides liquidity quickly but must be repaid. Speed matters as well as cost: reserve funds and contingent lines can be fast if rules are clear, insurance claims depend on the instrument, and post-event borrowing or budget reallocation is usually slowest. A layered strategy combines instruments so that funds are available at the right time for each part of the response.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Gaps arise when layers do not join up, for example when insurance attaches only at very high losses and reserves are too small to cover events below that point, or when funds exist but rules for using them are unclear.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Methods and their limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 3v18h18\"\/><path d=\"m19 9-5 5-4-4-3 3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Loss modelling<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Loss distributions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Estimating the frequency and severity of losses, typically through catastrophe models and historical data.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 3v18h18\"\/><path d=\"M18 17V9\"\/><path d=\"M13 17V5\"\/><path d=\"M8 17v-3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Cost-benefit<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Instrument comparison<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Comparing cost, speed and coverage of instruments across scenarios.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Optimization<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Portfolio analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Exploring combinations of layers under budget and risk-tolerance constraints.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Limits: loss estimates for rare events are highly uncertain, especially where data are short, and results depend on assumptions about fiscal capacity and the value of speed, which are partly political judgements.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/stem\/actuarial-math\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Actuarial mathematics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Sizing retention and transfer layers \u00b7 Pricing parametric cover \u00b7 Contingency fund sizing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/actuarial-math\/\" aria-label=\"Actuarial mathematics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/stem\/economics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Economics and development economics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Cost of ex post versus ex ante finance \u00b7 Household welfare effects \u00b7 Fiscal impact of disasters<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/economics\/\" aria-label=\"Economics and development economics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/stem\/decision-analysis\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Decision analysis under uncertainty<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Choosing an instrument mix \u00b7 Trigger threshold choice \u00b7 Release rules for contingency funds<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/decision-analysis\/\" aria-label=\"Decision analysis under uncertainty: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Risk layering depends on loss models that are uncertain, especially for indirect and fiscal costs. Instrument costs change with markets. Evidence on how layered strategies perform comes from few events. Disaster Risk Finance explains approaches; it does not design any country's strategy, price instruments or advise any government.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is risk layering?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Combining financial instruments by loss size and frequency: retaining small frequent losses through reserves, using contingent credit for medium losses and transferring rare severe losses through insurance or bonds.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why not insure everything?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because insuring frequent losses costs more in premium than it pays out over time. Retention is usually cheaper for predictable losses.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a Cat DDO?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A World Bank catastrophe deferred drawdown option: a contingent credit line that a country can draw on after a declared disaster, if prerequisites are in place.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is there an ideal layering structure?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. The right mix depends on a country's or institution's risk profile, fiscal capacity, market access and priorities.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does GRA design layering strategies?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. GRA does not advise on or arrange arrangements; it studies the principles and evidence.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Disaster Risk Finance.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/sovereign-contingent-liabilities\/\">Sovereign contingent liabilities <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/insurance-and-public-pools\/\">Insurance and public pools <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/anticipatory-finance\/\">Anticipatory finance <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/post-disaster-financing\/\">Post disaster financing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/public-investment-and-resilience\/\">Public investment and resilience <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/financing-evidence-and-diligence\/\">Financing evidence and diligence <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/\">Disaster Risk Finance home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/\">The Global Risks Alliance home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/trust\/\">GRA governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Disaster Risk Finance<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@globalriskalliance.com?subject=Disaster%20Risk%20Finance%3A%20Risk%20financing%20layers\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/risk-financing-layers\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/topics\/risk-financing-layers\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is risk layering?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Combining financial instruments by loss size and frequency: retaining small frequent losses through reserves, using contingent credit for medium losses and transferring rare severe losses through insurance or bonds.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why not insure everything?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because insuring frequent losses costs more in premium than it pays out over time. 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