{"id":1855,"date":"2026-10-14T20:57:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T00:57:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/?page_id=1855"},"modified":"2026-10-18T19:07:04","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T23:07:04","slug":"public-investment-and-projects","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/public-investment-and-projects\/","title":{"rendered":"Public investment and projects"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/public-investment-and-projects\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr1q0kr8.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"editorial\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A06 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 public-investment-and-projec<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Development Finance Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Development Finance Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Public investment and projects<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Most infrastructure in developing economies is financed through the budget, public enterprises and sovereign borrowing, with development banks as lenders and advisers. Whether a project delivers depends largely on what happens before financing: identification, feasibility, appraisal, selection, procurement design, land and safeguards preparation. This page sets out how project risk develops through the preparation cycle, which records evidence it, and who decides at each gate.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"contents\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>In this dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">7 parts<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">The short answer<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Public investment and projects: how the risk develops<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Terms used on this page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">What is measured, and how well<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Canvas<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">From sources to decisions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Where the evidence comes from<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decisions<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GRA \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Where projects sit, and which layer\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-4-sec\"><span>03<\/span>Project pipeline and safeguards, in\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>04<\/span>Public investment and projects: how\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>05<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>06<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>07<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>08<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Project preparation is the work before financing that decides whether an infrastructure project delivers: feasibility, design, appraisal, safeguards and procurement planning. Optimism at appraisal and preparation gaps become delays and cost overruns, procurement shapes risk transfer and maintenance decides the long-term return.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Spatial finance<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where projects sit, and which layer protects them.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Where development projects meet hazard and poverty, and which financing layer protects them. Hypothetical projects and design values.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-sf\" data-fk=\"dfi-siting\" data-gl=\"sf:dfi-siting\" data-sf=\"dfi-siting\" data-sx-credit=\"Natural Earth (public domain) | relief: Mapzen Terrain Tiles | hypothetical projects and design values\" data-sx-src=\"Natural Earth ~ public domain ~ https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/ | Mapzen Terrain Tiles relief (SRTM, GMTED2010, ETOPO1) ~ attribution as published by Mapzen ~ https:\/\/github.com\/tilezen\/joerd\/blob\/master\/docs\/attribution.md | Design scenario values by the Global Risks Alliance ~ illustrative, not data\" data-sf-learn-views=\"layers\" aria-label=\"Interactive map: ten hypothetical projects in Mozambique and Malawi over a design hazard and a poverty proxy, linked to a risk-layering diagram. The panel chooses a layer or a project.\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Development projects in Mozambique and Malawi against hazard and poverty, with the financing layer that would protect each.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Hypothetical projects and design values; no country's strategy is shown.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A06\/topics\/public-investment-and-projects\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Development Finance Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-4-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Project pipeline and safeguards, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-dfi-pipeline\" data-cx=\"dfi.pipeline\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Project pipeline and safeguards: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Project pipeline and safeguards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Public investment and projects \u00b7 Country programme D \u00b7 Pipeline review 3<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Safeguard finding open<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GRA \u00b7 Development Finance Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"4\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Pipeline<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-dfi-pipeline-t0\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-dfi-pipeline-t0\" aria-label=\"Pipeline\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Project<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Sector<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Climate screen<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Safeguards<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c4\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c4\">Stage<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-dfi-pipeline:r0-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Irrigation rehabilitation<\/td><td>Food and water<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Clear<\/span><\/td><td>Appraisal<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-dfi-pipeline:r0-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\" aria-current=\"true\" data-cur=\"true\"><td>Port expansion<\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>High<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Finding<\/span><\/td><td>Preparation<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-dfi-pipeline:r0-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>SME credit line<\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Low<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Clear<\/span><\/td><td>Board<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-dfi-pipeline:r0-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Mini-grid programme<\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Low<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Clear<\/span><\/td><td>Implementation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"2\" data-t=\"kv\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Handoff<\/h4><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-fk-dl\"><div><dt>Readiness dossier<\/dt><dd>v2, reviewed<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Receiving institution<\/dt><dd>development finance institution<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Decision<\/dt><dd>theirs, not GRA's<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Record<\/dt><dd>HO-967<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Projects and hazard<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">red: high hazard exposure<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Projects and hazard: schematic on placeholder geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"cx-sea\" width=\"480\" height=\"250\" rx=\"4\"\/><path class=\"cx-land\" d=\"M427.7 125l-5.6 32.2-32.7 28.7-40 31.2-70.1 16.2-74.8-10.4-72-7.4-38.7-30.9-74.7-20.5 30.8-39.1-24.6-38 42.8-32.1 74.7-11.7 62.2-14.7 73.9-10.7 70.8 14.9 46.7 28.5 30 30.8z\"\/><path class=\"cx-haz2\" d=\"M318.9 112.5l-11.4 30.4-25.3 31.6-53.7-7.9-50.5 4.3-37.1-24.7 8.4-33.7 7.3-27.7 33.6-16.5 38.3-16.4 47.6 5.7 35.2 23.1z\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"364.4\" cy=\"115.4\" r=\"5.1\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"417.4\" cy=\"207.1\" r=\"7.3\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"120.7\" cy=\"88.5\" r=\"7.6\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"252.1\" cy=\"98.0\" r=\"3.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"259.5\" cy=\"196.2\" r=\"7.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"62.6\" cy=\"193.5\" r=\"6.4\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"114.5\" cy=\"204.6\" r=\"7.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"365.4\" cy=\"133.3\" r=\"5.0\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"50.5\" cy=\"179.8\" r=\"3.9\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"165.1\" cy=\"168.9\" r=\"6.4\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"186.9\" cy=\"157.5\" r=\"5.6\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"218.3\" cy=\"106.1\" r=\"3.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"189.5\" cy=\"109.1\" r=\"6.9\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"315.5\" cy=\"179.3\" r=\"7.4\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"176.1\" cy=\"63.5\" r=\"3.4\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"420.7\" cy=\"54.0\" r=\"4.4\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"464\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"end\">Circle size: exposure value \u00b7 placeholder<\/text><g class=\"cx-north\"><path d=\"M458 30 L463 18 L468 30 Z\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"463\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\">N<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Project pipeline and safeguards: the screen's structure, terms and states for Public investment and projects.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Public investment and projects: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Infrastructure preparation and risks. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M4.268 21a2 2 0 0 0 1.727 1H18a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7l-5-5H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v3\"\/><path d=\"m9 18-1.5-1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"14\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Optimism at appraisal<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Cost estimates and demand forecasts made to secure approval tend to be optimistic. Reference class forecasting and independent review exist because the bias is systematic across sectors and countries, not accidental.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M5 22h14\"\/><path d=\"M5 2h14\"\/><path d=\"M17 22v-4.172a2 2 0 0 0-.586-1.414L12 12l-4.414 4.414A2 2 0 0 0 7 17.828V22\"\/><path d=\"M7 2v4.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414L12 12l4.414-4.414A2 2 0 0 0 17 6.172V2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Preparation gaps become delays<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Incomplete feasibility, design, land acquisition or resettlement planning delays the start of works while commitment fees and price escalation continue. Delay cascades into cost overruns, scope cuts and restructuring.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m14.5 12.5-8 8a2.119 2.119 0 1 1-3-3l8-8\"\/><path d=\"m16 16 6-6\"\/><path d=\"m8 8 6-6\"\/><path d=\"m9 7 8 8\"\/><path d=\"m21 11-8-8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Procurement shapes risk transfer<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Contract type decides who carries ground, design, price and schedule risk. Poorly packaged contracts, thin bidder fields and weak contract management move risk back to the public client through claims and variations.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Maintenance decides the return<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">An asset built but not maintained delivers less service over a shorter life. Maintenance competes with new projects in every budget round and usually loses, turning a stock of assets into a contingent liability.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Optimism bias<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The tendency to underestimate costs and durations and overestimate benefits at appraisal.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Project preparation facility<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Funding for feasibility studies, design and structuring before investment decisions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Open contracting<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Publishing data and documents across the contracting cycle, using the Open Contracting Data Standard.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Cost overrun at completion<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of appraised cost<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per project<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">MDB completion reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Schedule slippage against appraisal<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">months<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per project<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">MDB completion reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Time from approval to first disbursement<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">months<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per project<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">MDB operations data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Bidders per competitive tender<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per tender<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Procurement records in the Open Contracting Data Standard<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Contracts with published award and contract data<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of public contracts by value<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Open contracting publishers<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Capital budget execution rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of approved capital appropriation<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Budget execution reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Outcome rating at completion<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">rating scale (highly unsatisfactory to highly satisfactory)<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per project<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Independent evaluation units<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Maintenance allocation against asset base<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of estimated asset replacement value<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Budget documents, asset registers<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A06\/topics\/public-investment-and-projects\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Public investment and projects as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-a06-topics-public-investment-and-projects-t nx-dag-a06-topics-public-investment-and-projects-d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-a06-topics-public-investment-and-projects-t\">Public investment and projects: a programme through its gates<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-a06-topics-public-investment-and-projects-d\">A request with a named owner becomes a scoping note; inputs are qualified at a gate; delivery runs in workstreams; a controlled test and an independent review precede publication; the owner decides. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">World Bank Projects and Operations data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Approvals, financing, ratings and documents for each operation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Independent Evaluation Group project ratings (World Bank)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Validated outcome ratings from completion reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Open Contracting Data Standard publications (Open Contracting Partnership data registry)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Tender, award, contract and implementation data published by governments<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open licence declared by each publisher<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IMF Public Investment Management Assessment reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Institutional ratings across planning, allocation and implementation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public where published by the authorities, IMF terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">World Bank Benchmarking Infrastructure Development<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Regulatory quality of PPP and public procurement of infrastructure across the project cycle<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">AfDB, ADB and IDB project portals<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Disclosed appraisal, procurement and completion documents<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public under each bank's disclosure policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National public investment registers and audit reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Pipeline status, appraisal documents and audit findings<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, terms per government<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A06\/topics\/public-investment-and-projects\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Development Finance Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Finance ministries and public investment units<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether a project is ready to enter the budget or the borrowing programme<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Feasibility, appraisal and safeguards evidence by gate; reference class ranges for cost and time<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">MDB management and boards of executive directors<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether to approve a loan and with which conditions of effectiveness<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Preparation status, procurement plan, safeguard instruments, implementation capacity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Line ministries and implementing agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to package contracts and allocate ground, design and price risk<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Procurement records for comparable contracts, bidder fields, claims history<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Supreme audit institutions<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether completed projects delivered what was appraised<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Completion ratings, cost and schedule against appraisal<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Preparation profiles showing which gates are evidenced and which remain open<\/li><li>Reference class comparisons of cost and schedule from completed operations, with sources<\/li><li>Procurement evidence drawn from open contracting data<\/li><li>Question sets for appraisal and selection review<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the industry asks.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Public investment can raise growth and welfare, but its returns depend on management. Projects chosen for political rather than economic reasons, designs that ignore hazards, cost overruns and poor maintenance all reduce value. As climate change alters hazards over the life of assets, decisions made today determine exposure for decades. Strengthening public investment management is therefore a resilience measure in its own right.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"columns\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How are projects selected, and is the choice informed by appraisal of costs, benefits and risks?<\/li><li>Do designs account for current and future hazards over the full life of the asset?<\/li><li>How are construction, cost and schedule risks managed and shared between public and private parties?<\/li><li>Is maintenance funded, so that assets keep delivering services and resist shocks?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How risk and finance interact.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Project outcomes are shaped at every stage of the investment cycle.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"6\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Selection<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Appraisal and prioritization<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Cost-benefit and multi-criteria appraisal help choose projects that deliver most value. Weak appraisal is a common source of poor outcomes.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M4.9 16.1C1 12.2 1 5.8 4.9 1.9\"\/><path d=\"M7.8 4.7a6.14 6.14 0 0 0-.8 7.5\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M16.2 4.8c2 2 2.26 5.11.8 7.47\"\/><path d=\"M19.1 1.9a9.96 9.96 0 0 1 0 14.1\"\/><path d=\"M9.5 18h5\"\/><path d=\"m8 22 4-11 4 11\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Resilient engineering<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Siting, standards and design choices determine exposure to floods, heat and other hazards. Engineering science: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"19\" cy=\"5\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"19\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M10.4 21.9a10 10 0 0 0 9.941-15.416\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 2.1a10 10 0 0 0-9.841 15.416\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Operation<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Maintenance and management<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Underfunded maintenance shortens asset life and raises vulnerability to shocks.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Research on public investment efficiency finds substantial differences between countries in how much value they obtain from each unit spent, and attributes much of the difference to institutions: planning, appraisal, procurement, budgeting and maintenance. Resilience fits naturally into this framework, because the same institutions decide whether hazards are considered and whether assets are kept in good condition.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-evidence\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and its limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Public investment management assessment<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Established diagnostic frameworks assess institutions across the investment cycle. Results describe systems, not individual projects.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Cost-benefit analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Economic appraisal using <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/economics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">economics and development economics<\/a>, including resilience benefits. Valuing avoided losses requires assumptions about hazard probability.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Hazard screening<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Screening of project sites against hazard data, using <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/geospatial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geospatial information systems<\/a>. Data resolution and future climate uncertainty limit precision.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Ex post evaluation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Evaluation of completed projects, using <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">causal inference and impact evaluation<\/a> where feasible. Evaluations are often delayed and not always published.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/stem\/economics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Economics and development economics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Economic appraisal of a project \u00b7 Debt sustainability context \u00b7 Tariff and subsidy incidence<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/economics\/\" aria-label=\"Economics and development economics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/stem\/decision-analysis\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Decision analysis under uncertainty<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Robust choice of design standard \u00b7 Multi-criteria pipeline screening<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/decision-analysis\/\" aria-label=\"Decision analysis under uncertainty: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/stem\/geospatial\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Geospatial information systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Safeguard screening of a project footprint \u00b7 Physical climate exposure of assets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/geospatial\/\" aria-label=\"Geospatial information systems: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/stem\/causal-inference\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Evaluating a credit line or guarantee \u00b7 Infrastructure impact on households<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\" aria-label=\"Causal inference and impact evaluation: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Completion data come mostly from MDB-financed projects, a selected and better documented subset of public investment. Cost overrun comparisons depend on the baseline chosen, and appraisal estimates are defined differently across institutions. Open contracting coverage varies by country and level of government. The platform describes preparation evidence; appraisal, approval, procurement and audit decisions belong to the institutions that hold them.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Why are cost overruns so common?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Estimates are made early, under pressure to secure approval, with incomplete ground and design information. Reference class forecasting corrects for this by comparing a project with the record of similar completed projects.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is project preparation finance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Funding for feasibility studies, design, safeguards and transaction advice before investment. MDB facilities and programmes such as PPIAF fund it because underprepared projects are a leading cause of delay.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Development Finance Nexus appraise projects?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Appraisal belongs to the borrower and the lenders under their own policies. The platform sets out what evidence an appraisal draws on and labels it.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does resilient design cost more?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Sometimes more at the outset, but analyses often find that avoided losses and lower repair costs over the asset's life outweigh the extra cost. Results depend on the hazard and the asset.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why is maintenance a resilience issue?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Poorly maintained assets fail sooner and suffer more damage in shocks. Maintenance budgets are often the first cut under fiscal pressure.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does GRA appraise projects?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It does not appraise, rate or recommend projects. It publishes shared understanding of evidence and methods.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a public investment management assessment?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A structured review of how well a government plans, allocates and implements public investment, used to identify institutional improvements.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Development Finance Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/country-programme-readiness\/\">Country programme readiness <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/climate-adaptation-finance\/\">Climate adaptation finance <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/food-water-energy-investment\/\">Food, water and energy investment <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/social-and-inclusion\/\">Social risk and inclusion <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/financing-gaps-and-evidence\/\">Financing gaps and evidence <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/safeguards-and-impact\/\">Safeguards and impact <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/\">Development Finance Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/\">The Global Risks Alliance home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/trust\/\">GRA governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Development Finance Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@globalriskalliance.com?subject=Development%20Finance%20Nexus%3A%20Public%20investment%20and%20projects\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/public-investment-and-projects\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/topics\/public-investment-and-projects\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why are cost overruns so common?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Estimates are made early, under pressure to secure approval, with incomplete ground and design information. 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