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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n10d8kv3.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"ledger\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A02 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topics<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Banking Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Banking Nexus \u00b7 Topics<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Topics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Topics at Banking Nexus: the pages in this section are listed below, each with its own scope and status.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/credit-and-counterparty-risk\/\">Open Credit and counterparty risk <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/\">Back to Banking Nexus<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Banking Nexus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/credit-and-counterparty-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Credit and counterparty risk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/capital-and-liquidity\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Capital and liquidity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/bank-operational-resilience\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Bank operational resilience<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/climate-and-nature-bank-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Climate and nature risk in banking<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/payment-dependencies\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Payment dependencies<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/model-and-ai-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Model and AI risk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/banking-and-real-economy\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Banking and the real economy<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/bank-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Bank governance<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GRA \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-about-this-section\"><span>02<\/span>Topics at Banking Nexus<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a02-tp\"><span>03<\/span>Banking Nexus topics, and the\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-sources\"><span>05<\/span>Where this page's references lead<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-7-sec\"><span>06<\/span>Pages in Topics<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Banking Nexus topics are the ten subject dossiers of its field, among them credit and counterparty risk, capital and liquidity, and bank operational resilience. Each dossier sets out how the risk develops, what is measured and in which units, the public sources and their licences, the methods, who decides and the limits of the evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-about-this-section\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">About this section<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics at Banking Nexus.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a02-tp\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic map<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Banking Nexus topics, and the question each answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Topic\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/credit-and-counterparty-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Credit risk and counterparty risk in banks<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Credit risk is the chance that a borrower or counterparty fails to pay in full and on time, and it remains the main source of loss for most banks.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/capital-and-liquidity\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Bank capital and liquidity requirements<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Capital absorbs losses and liquidity keeps a bank paying its obligations as they fall due.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/bank-operational-resilience\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Bank operational resilience and DORA<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Operational resilience is a bank's ability to keep delivering critical services through disruption, whether from a cyber attack, a failed technology change, a third-party outage or a pandemic.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/climate-and-nature-bank-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Climate and nature risk in banking<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate change and nature loss reach banks through their borrowers, their collateral and the markets they depend on.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/payment-dependencies\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Payment systems risk and CCPs for banks<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Every bank depends on payment systems, central counterparties, securities settlement systems, correspondent banks and messaging networks to move money and collateral.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/model-and-ai-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Model risk and AI in bank credit decisions<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Banks rely on models to grant credit, set provisions, price products, compute capital and detect fraud, and a growing share of those models use machine learning.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/banking-and-real-economy\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Banking and the real economy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Banks turn deposits into loans for households, small and medium enterprises and the providers of essential services.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/bank-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Bank governance, risk culture and controls<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Many bank failures trace back to governance: boards that did not understand the risks being taken, incentives that rewarded growth over prudence, or control functions without the standing to challenge.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/housing-property-finance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Housing and property finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Mortgages and property lending are among the largest exposures on many bank balance sheets, and real estate busts have featured in many banking crises.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/islamic-banking\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Islamic banking risk and IFSB standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Islamic banks operate under contracts and governance structures designed to comply with Islamic commercial law, using sale, lease and partnership-based instruments in place of interest-bearing loans.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Topic pages in Banking Nexus share one structure: mechanisms, indicators, sources, methods, decisions and limits, written for credit risk officers and collateral valuers and treasury and liquidity managers.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Non-performing loan<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A loan ninety days or more past due, or unlikely to be repaid in full without collateral.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Leverage ratio<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Tier 1 capital divided by total exposure, a backstop that ignores risk weights.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">DORA<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The EU Digital Operational Resilience Act, which sets ICT risk, incident reporting, testing and third-party rules for financial entities.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Financed emissions<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Greenhouse gas emissions attributed to a bank's loans and investments, measured with the PCAF standard.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Financial market infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A system that clears, settles or records payments, securities or derivatives among participants.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page's references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bis.org\/basel_framework\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Basel Framework (consolidated standards)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bis.org\/bcbs\/publ\/d532.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>BCBS Principles for the effective management and supervision of climate-related financial risks (2022)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bis.org\/bcbs\/publ\/d573.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>BCBS Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (2024 revision)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-7-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Topics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/credit-and-counterparty-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Credit and counterparty risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Credit quality, concentration and contagion.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/capital-and-liquidity\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Capital and liquidity<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Buffers, funding and stress.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/bank-operational-resilience\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Bank operational resilience<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Third-party, cyber and process continuity.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/climate-and-nature-bank-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate and nature risk in banking<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Financial exposure across horizons.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/payment-dependencies\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Payment dependencies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Critical market infrastructure and digital services.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/model-and-ai-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Model and AI risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Credit automation and validation.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/banking-and-real-economy\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Banking and the real economy<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Households, SMEs and essential systems.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/bank-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Bank governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Boards, risk culture and controls.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/housing-property-finance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Housing and property finance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mortgage, housing, property and broader credit exposures.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/topics\/islamic-banking\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Islamic banking<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Islamic banking structure and professional risk research without religious rulings.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" 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aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/\">Banking Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/\">The Global Risks Alliance home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" 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