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class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>A-P07 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topics<\/strong>GRA dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRA<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">AI and Financial Model Risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>AI and Financial Model Risk \u00b7 Topics<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Topics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Topics at AI and Financial Model Risk: the pages in this section are listed below, each with its own scope and status.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/model-risk-governance\/\">Open Model risk governance <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/\">Back to AI and Financial Model Risk<\/a><\/div><dl class=\"nx-facts\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Publisher<\/dt><dd>The Global Risks Alliance<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Field<\/dt><dd>Artificial intelligence, Financial stability<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Status<\/dt><dd>In development<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Service level<\/dt><dd>R0: information and enquiries<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-about-this-section\"><span>02<\/span>Topics at AI and Financial Model Risk<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a-p07-tp\"><span>03<\/span>AI and Financial Model Risk topics,\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-sources\"><span>05<\/span>Where this page's references lead<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-7-sec\"><span>06<\/span>Pages in Topics<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The AI and Financial Model Risk topics are the eight subject dossiers of its field, among them model risk governance, credit and pricing models, and generative AI in finance. Each dossier sets out how the risk develops, what is measured and in which units, the public sources and their licences, the methods, who decides and the limits of the evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-about-this-section\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">About this section<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics at AI and Financial Model Risk.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GRA is a nonprofit business league for the financial services industry. It does not lend, underwrite, rate, invest, advise on or arrange transactions, and readiness work is not approval.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-a-p07-tp\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic map<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">AI and Financial Model Risk topics, and the question each answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Topic\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/model-risk-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Model risk governance in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Model risk is the potential for loss or harm from decisions based on models that are wrong or misused.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/credit-and-pricing-models\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Credit scoring and pricing model risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Credit scores, probability of default models and insurance pricing models decide who gets credit or cover and at what price.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/generative-ai-in-finance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Generative AI risk in financial services<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Financial firms use large language models to draft documents, answer customers, summarise research, write code and support analysts.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/explainability-and-fairness\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Explainability and fairness in finance AI<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Customers, staff and supervisors need to understand why a model made a decision, and decisions must not discriminate unlawfully.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/model-monitoring-and-drift\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Model monitoring and drift in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">A model validated at launch can fail later as customers, products, markets and data pipelines change.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/human-in-the-loop-controls\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Human oversight of AI in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Human oversight is meant to catch model errors, handle exceptions and keep accountability with people.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/third-party-models\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Third-party model risk in finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Firms use vendor credit scores, fraud models, catastrophe models, market data analytics and foundation models they did not build and cannot fully inspect.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/stress-and-scenario-models\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Stress and scenario model risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Stress and scenario models project how losses, capital and liquidity would change under adverse conditions.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Topic pages in AI and Financial Model Risk share one structure: mechanisms, indicators, sources, methods, decisions and limits, written for model risk managers and validators and data scientists in finance.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Model tiering<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Classifying models by materiality and complexity to set how deeply each is validated and monitored.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Probability of default<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The estimated likelihood that a borrower defaults within a set horizon, usually one year.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Hallucination<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Plausible but false or unsupported content generated by a language model.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Feature attribution<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A method that estimates how much each input contributed to a model's output.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Data drift<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A change in the distribution of a model's inputs compared with the training data.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page's references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/supervisionreg\/srletters\/srletters.htm\"><span>US interagency revised guidance on model risk management, SR 26-2 (April 2026), superseding SR 11-7<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bankofengland.co.uk\/prudential-regulation\/publication\/2023\/may\/model-risk-management-principles-for-banks-ss\"><span>PRA SS1\/23 Model risk management principles for banks<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\"><span>EU AI Act (Regulation 2024\/1689) as amended by the AI Omnibus, Regulation 2026\/1744 (credit-scoring high-risk duties from 2 December 2027)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-7-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Topics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/model-risk-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Model risk governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Inventory, ownership and validation.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/credit-and-pricing-models\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Credit and pricing models<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Finance-specific automated decisions.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/generative-ai-in-finance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Generative AI in finance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Use cases and failure controls.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/explainability-and-fairness\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Explainability and fairness<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Interpretation, bias and accountability.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/model-monitoring-and-drift\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Model monitoring and drift<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Changes over time and review thresholds.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/human-in-the-loop-controls\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Human in the loop controls<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Authority and approvals.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/third-party-models\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Third party models<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Vendor dependencies and due diligence.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/topics\/stress-and-scenario-models\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Stress and scenario models<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Verification and uncertainty.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-8\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around AI and Financial Model Risk.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/about\/\">Industry scope and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/sector\/\">Financial discipline overview <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/research\/\">Professional research <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/ai-financial-model-risk\/innovation\/\">Technology and emerging practices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" 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