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aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 Actuarial and Quantitative Risk<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nx-scene-accent nx-es-sig\"><strong>Spatial finance<\/strong><span>Where capital meets hazard, exposure and transition<\/span><\/p><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Field overview<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Actuarial and quantitative risk is the discipline of measuring uncertain future losses and the resources needed to meet them. It matters for society because insurance, pensions, bank capital and public risk pools all depend on it: when its estimates are sound, promises are kept; when they fail, policyholders, pensioners, depositors and taxpayers bear the cost. This page defines the field, what experts study and how it connects to other risks.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/field\/interdependencies\/\">Open Dependencies and consequences <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/\">Back to Actuarial and Quantitative Risk<\/a><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-scene-stats nx-es-stats\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">STEM methods<\/dt><dd>6<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Canonical methods this field applies<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/dt><dd>8<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Subject pages in the field<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Counterparts<\/dt><dd>4<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Platforms in shared fields across the network<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Report series<\/dt><dd>2<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Reports series it contributes to<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-definition\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Definition<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Turning uncertainty into decisions.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">The field combines probability theory, statistics, financial mathematics and domain knowledge of the risks being modelled. Actuaries model insurance claims, mortality and pension liabilities; quantitative analysts model market, credit and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 liquidity-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The risk that an entity cannot meet obligations as they fall due, or cannot sell assets without large losses.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">liquidity risk<\/a>; catastrophe modellers combine hazard science, engineering and exposure data; model validators test whether all of these models are fit for purpose.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Its outputs are loss distributions, prices, reserves, capital requirements and stress-test results. Each depends on assumptions, and the field&#8217;s professional ethic is to state those assumptions and the uncertainty they carry, so that decision-makers do not mistake an estimate for a fact.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">The field is also a discipline of communication. A capital figure or a premium is only as useful as the reader&#8217;s understanding of what it assumes, so practitioners increasingly report ranges, sensitivities and the conditions under which their estimates would fail, alongside central values.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Change is a constant theme. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate change<\/a> shifts hazard, medical progress and inequality shift mortality, digitalisation creates new risks such as cyber, and low-data markets challenge methods built where data are plentiful. Each requires methods that acknowledge non-stationarity and limited evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Hazards and exposure in Japan and Korea.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Population density, flood water and active fires over Japan and Korea, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"japan-korea:risk\" data-ml-points=\"on\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"risk\" data-ml-plan=\"p-5b56c607\" data-ml-view=\"2d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:risk\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.health.people gibs.water.flood gibs.energy.fires gibs.energy.ntl gibs.health.lstd gibs.water.true ev.eonet ev.usgs r.hbase r.dnb r.labels r.hls gx.ems gx.nhc\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-risk\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-risk\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"124,30,146,45.6\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Hazards and exposure, Japan and Korea: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"flood,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">People and floods<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"flood||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Floods this week<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"fires||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Fires and flaring<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Hazards and exposure, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"flood\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Flood water\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Flood water, 3-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS Global Flood Product \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"flood\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.flood\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"fires\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"1\" data-wm-breaks=\"10,50,200\" data-wm-short=\"Fires and flares\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE FIRMS\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Active fires and thermal anomalies<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE FIRMS VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"MW\">Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"fires\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.fires\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE FIRMS<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"6\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Hazards and exposure, framed on Japan and Korea.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 U.S. Geological Survey \u00b7 CIESIN\/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.firms\">NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Context: CIESIN\/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, and NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010; Seto, Guneralp and Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030; Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013.<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (12 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/A-P11\/field\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Actuarial and Quantitative Risk live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-label=\"Field, Monitor, What experts study, Connections\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Field, Monitor, What experts study, Connections\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-ap11-fi\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Field<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-4-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-what-experts-study\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">What experts study<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-connections\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Connections<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nx-gra-ap11-fi\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Field<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who uses quantitative risk methods.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th>Community<\/th><th>Typical question<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Community\">Insurers and reinsurers<\/td><td data-label=\"Typical question\">What is the 1-in-200 loss and how uncertain is it?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Community\">Banks<\/td><td data-label=\"Typical question\">How should loss given default respond to collateral damage?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Community\">Pension funds<\/td><td data-label=\"Typical question\">How should longevity trends change liabilities?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Community\">Governments<\/td><td data-label=\"Typical question\">How large are expected and extreme disaster costs?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">The Actuarial and Quantitative Risk field spans actuaries, quantitative analysts, catastrophe modellers and model validators, and its quantitative questions recur in every sector: How to estimate tails under trend? Which copula? How much data is enough?<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-4-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Field overview.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-actuarial-field\" data-cx=\"actuarial.field\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Field overview: illustrative console with example names and values\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Field overview: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Actuarial and quantitative risk.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-what-experts-study\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What experts study<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The core questions.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Losses<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How often, how large and how heavy-tailed: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/topics\/loss-distributions\/\">loss distributions<\/a> and extreme value methods.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Change<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How non-stationary hazards and populations change assumptions: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/topics\/climate-adjusted-pricing\/\">climate-adjusted pricing questions<\/a> and mortality and longevity.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Working where history is short: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/topics\/credibility-and-sparse-data\/\">credibility and sparse data<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Dependence<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Why risks move together in stress: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/topics\/dependence-and-correlation\/\">dependence and correlation<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">05<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Capital<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How much is enough, and why models disagree: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/topics\/capital-and-solvency-models\/\">capital and solvency models<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">06<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Validation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How models are challenged: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/topics\/model-validation-quant\/\">quantitative model validation<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-connections\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connections<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A method layer under many risks.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Quantitative methods connect to every field where losses are measured: climate and hazards, health and longevity, cyber, credit and markets. Their links to physical, economic, social and ecological <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are mapped on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/field\/interdependencies\/\">dependencies and consequences<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">The scientific counterpart at The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) is <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/uncertainty-and-validation\/\">uncertainty and validation<\/a> in Systems Science and Modelling.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-label=\"Sources, Pages, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Pages, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-8-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Pages<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-9-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.actuaries.org\/\">International Actuarial Association: International Standards of Actuarial Practice (ISAP)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-8-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Field overview.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/field\/interdependencies\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Dependencies and consequences<\/h3><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-9-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Which methods does the field rely on?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Actuarial mathematics, extreme value theory, probability and statistics, uncertainty quantification, financial and risk engineering and high-performance computing. Each is described on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/stem\/\">the STEM foundation page<\/a>.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is this only about insurance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. The same methods serve banking, pensions, asset management, public risk pools and financial stability analysis.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can models predict the next catastrophe?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. They estimate the probability and size of losses with stated uncertainty; they do not predict specific events.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Risks Alliance<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Actuarial and Quantitative Risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Methods and Technical<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Finance and Insurance Readiness<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Global Risks Alliance<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gra\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/field#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-skalliance-com-actuarial-quantitative-risk-field-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-skalliance-com-actuarial-quantitative-risk-field-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-skalliance-com-actuarial-quantitative-risk-field-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/sectors\/water#what-water-gives\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Water<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/finance-economics\/actuarial-science\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Actuarial science<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/financial-and-economic-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Financial and economic risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Actuarial and Quantitative Risk<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring an exposure or capital question to the Alliance.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/write-to-us\/readiness-request\/\">Propose a readiness pilot <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-11\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. 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